Does a virtual audience influence rowing?

Wellner, Mathias; Sigrist, Roland; Zitzewitz, Joachim von; Wolf, Paul; Riener, Robert

doi:10.1243/17543371jset33

Cited by 15 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Examining the differences between the two they concluded that both with respect to questionnaire and biomechanical responses that the methods were similar enough for the simulator to be used as a complementary training tool, since there was sufficient and appropriate transfer of training using this method. Wellner et al (2010b) described an experiment where 10 participants took part in simulated rowing. The novelty was that they added a virtual audience to test the idea that the presence of an audience would encourage the rowers in a competitive situation.…”

Section: Sportsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancing Our Lives with Immersive Virtual Reality

2016

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SUMMARYVirtual reality (VR) started about 50 years ago in a form we would recognize today [stereo head-mounted display (HMD), head tracking, computer graphics generated images] -although the hardware was completely different. In the 1980s and 1990s, VR emerged again based on a different generation of hardware (e.g., CRT displays rather than vector refresh, electromagnetic tracking instead of mechanical). This reached the attention of the public, and VR was hailed by many engineers, scientists, celebrities, and business people as the beginning of a new era, when VR would soon change the world for the better. Then, VR disappeared from public view and was rumored to be "dead. " In the intervening 25 years a huge amount of research has nevertheless been carried out across a vast range of applications -from medicine to business, from psychotherapy to industry, from sports to travel. Scientists, engineers, and people working in industry carried on with their research and applications using and exploring different forms of VR, not knowing that actually the topic had already passed away.The purpose of this article is to survey a range of VR applications where there is some evidence for, or at least debate about, its utility, mainly based on publications in peer-reviewed journals. Of course not every type of application has been covered, nor every scientific paper (about 186,000 papers in Google Scholar): in particular, in this review we have not covered applications in psychological or medical rehabilitation. The objective is that the reader becomes aware of what has been accomplished in VR, where the evidence is weaker or stronger, and what can be done. We start in Section 1 with an outline of what VR is and the major conceptual framework used to understand what happens when people experience it -the concept of "presence. " In Section 2, we review some areas where VR has been used in science -mostly psychology and neuroscience, the area of scientific visualization, and some remarks about its use in education and surgical training. In Section 3, we discuss how VR has been used in sports and exercise. In Section 4, we survey applications in social psychology and related areas -how VR has been used to throw light on some social phenomena, and how it can be used to tackle experimentally areas that cannot be studied experimentally in real life. We conclude with how it has been used in the preservation of and access to cultural heritage. In Section 5, we present the domain of moral behavior, including an example of how it might be used to train professionals such as medical doctors when confronting serious dilemmas with patients. In Section 6, we consider how VR has been and might be used in various aspects of travel, collaboration, and industry. In Section 7, we consider mainly the use of VR in news presentation and also discuss different types of VR. In the concluding Section 8, we briefly consider new ideas that have recently emerged -an impossible task since during the short time we have written this page even newer idea...

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Section: Sportsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancing Our Lives with Immersive Virtual Reality

2016

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“…Experimental research in Virtual Reality (VR) has a lot of potential in different research fields such as experimental brain research, psychology (McClernon et al, 2011 ) and sports (Wellner et al, 2010 ). Among its advantages, VR minimizes disturbances in complex experiments involving multiple subjects or intricate experimental protocols.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novice Shooters With Lower Pre-shooting Alpha Power Have Better Performance During Competition in a Virtual Reality Scenario

et al. 2018

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Competition changes the environment for athletes. The difficulty of training for such stressful events can lead to the well-known effect of “choking” under pressure, which prevents athletes from performing at their best level. To study the effect of competition on the human brain, we recorded pilot electroencephalography (EEG) data while novice shooters were immersed in a realistic virtual environment representing a shooting range. We found a differential between-subject effect of competition on mu (8–12 Hz) oscillatory activity during aiming; compared to training, the more the subject was able to desynchronize his mu rhythm during competition, the better was his shooting performance. Because this differential effect could not be explained by differences in simple measures of the kinematics and muscular activity, nor by the effect of competition or shooting performance per se, we interpret our results as evidence that mu desynchronization has a positive effect on performance during competition.

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“…One earlier study was conducted with the same setup using three types of audience, inspired by a study on public speaking anxiety (Pertaub et al, 2002). But in contrast to the findings there, audience pressure resulted in few behavioral changes in rowing (Wellner, Sigrist, von Zitzewitz, Wolf, & Riener, 2010). The current study used the illusion of competitors which was supposed to create a stronger feeling of pressure and therefore more pronounced behavioral changes.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…We previously assessed the use of psychophysiological variables in a similar study with a virtual audience (Wellner et al, 2010), but we found that these variables responded more to exercise than to psychological changes.…”

Section: Lessons Learnedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Virtual Competitors Influence Rowers

Wellner

Riener

2010

Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments

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Highly immersive environments for sports simulation can help elucidate if and how athletes perform under high pressure situations. We used a rowing simulator with a CAVE setup to test the influence of virtual competitors on 10 experienced rowers. All participants were using the simulator for the first time. The objective was to assess the degree of presence by quantifying how the actions of the virtual competitors triggered behavioral changes in the experienced rowers. The participants completed a virtual 2000 m race with two competing boats, one being behind and one ahead of the participant. For two trials, each boat would come closer to the participant without overtaking, resulting in four experimental conditions. The behavior of the participants was assessed with biomechanical variables, questionnaires, and an interview after the race. Behavioral changes were detected with statistically significant differences in the extracted variables of oar angles, timing variables, velocities, and work. The results for biomechanical variables indicate individual response patterns depending on perception of competitors and self-confidence. Self-reporting indicated a high degree of presence for most participants. Overall, the experimental paradigm worked but was compromised by perceptive and subjective factors. In future, the setup will be used to investigate rowing performance further with a focus on motor learning and training of pressure situations.

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Does a virtual audience influence rowing?

Cited by 15 publications

References 19 publications

Enhancing Our Lives with Immersive Virtual Reality

Enhancing Our Lives with Immersive Virtual Reality

Novice Shooters With Lower Pre-shooting Alpha Power Have Better Performance During Competition in a Virtual Reality Scenario

Virtual Competitors Influence Rowers

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