Does Aerobic Training Promote the Same Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy as Resistance Training? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Grgić, Jozo; Mcllvenna, Luke C.; Fyfe, Jackson J.; Sabol, Filip; Bishop, David; Schöenfeld, Brad J.; Pedišić, Željko

doi:10.1007/s40279-018-1008-z

Cited by 60 publications

(45 citation statements)

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“…Whole-body progressive RET (2 sets of 65–85% of 1 repetition maximum [1RM]) 3 times a week for 6 months attenuated losses in bone mineral density, lean mass, and muscular strength in obese frail participants to a greater extent than combined training or AET (jogging/running for 60 min at 65–85% of heart rate peak [HR peak ]; Villareal et al, 2017). In contrast, AET alone is ineffective at inducing comparable increases in skeletal muscle mass and strength (Grgic et al, 2018). In addition, RET can improve neurological (i.e., increased central motor drive, elevated motoneuron excitability; Aagaard et al, 2002), psychological (i.e., self-efficacy; Kekalainen et al, 2018), and/or cardiovascular function (i.e., maximal stroke volume; Roberson et al, 2018) – all of which have been hypothesized to contribute to skeletal muscle performance in older adults (Tieland et al, 2018).…”

Section: Resistance Exercise Training and Physical Mobilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Resistance Exercise Training as a Primary Countermeasure to Age-Related Chronic Disease

2019

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Age is a primary risk factor for a number of chronic diseases including mobility disability, cardiovascular disease (CVD), type 2 diabetes (T2D), and cancer. Most physical activity guidelines emphasize the performance of 150 min of moderate-to-vigorous or 75 min of vigorous aerobic exercise training (AET) weekly for reduction of chronic disease risk. Nonetheless, there is an emerging body of evidence showing that resistance exercise training (RET) appears to be as effective as AET in reducing risk of several chronic diseases. It may also be that RET is more effective than AET in some regards; the converse is likely also true. We posit that the perceived divergent exercise mode-dependent health benefits of AET and RET are likely small in most cases. In this short review, our aim is to examine evidence of associations between the performance of RET and chronic health disease risk (mobility disability, T2D, CVD, cancer). We also postulate on how RET may be influencing chronic disease risk and how it is a critical component for healthy aging. Accumulating evidence points to RET as a potent and robust preventive strategy against a number of chronic diseases traditionally associated with the performance of AET, but evidence favors RET as a potent countermeasure against declines in mobility. On the basis of this review we propose that the promotion of RET should assume a more prominent position in exercise guidelines particularly for older persons.

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Section: Resistance Exercise Training and Physical Mobilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Resistance Exercise Training as a Primary Countermeasure to Age-Related Chronic Disease

2019

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“…Because AET has traditionally been conceived as exercise for the heart, measures of muscle mass, strength, power, and quality have largely been neglected. The few studies that have addressed muscular adaptations to AET report mixed results ( Grgic et al, 2019 ). A recent meta-analysis comparing the hypertrophic response to either AET or RET found that while some AET protocols can result in knee extensor hypertrophy, RET is more effective at both the whole-muscle and myofiber level ( Grgic et al, 2019 ).…”

Section: Aerobic Exercise Trainingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The few studies that have addressed muscular adaptations to AET report mixed results ( Grgic et al, 2019 ). A recent meta-analysis comparing the hypertrophic response to either AET or RET found that while some AET protocols can result in knee extensor hypertrophy, RET is more effective at both the whole-muscle and myofiber level ( Grgic et al, 2019 ). Of the included studies, none that utilized walking or running exercise resulted in hypertrophy, wherein half of those that utilized stationary bicycling resulted in hypertrophy, though not to the same extent as RET ( Grgic et al, 2019 ).…”

Section: Aerobic Exercise Trainingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A recent meta-analysis comparing the hypertrophic response to either AET or RET found that while some AET protocols can result in knee extensor hypertrophy, RET is more effective at both the whole-muscle and myofiber level ( Grgic et al, 2019 ). Of the included studies, none that utilized walking or running exercise resulted in hypertrophy, wherein half of those that utilized stationary bicycling resulted in hypertrophy, though not to the same extent as RET ( Grgic et al, 2019 ). A number of other studies without a RET comparison group have reported hypertrophic effects using stationary bicycling in both young and OAs ( Harber et al, 2009 , 2012 ; Konopka et al, 2010 , 2014 ; Konopka and Harber, 2014 ).…”

Section: Aerobic Exercise Trainingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Perspective: Pragmatic Exercise Recommendations for Older Adults: The Case for Emphasizing Resistance Training

et al. 2020

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Optimal health benefits from exercise are achieved by meeting both aerobic and muscle strengthening guidelines, however, most older adults (OAs) do not exercise and the majority of those who do only perform one type of exercise. A pragmatic solution to this problem may be emphasizing a single exercise strategy that maximizes health benefits. The loss of muscle mass and strength at an accelerated rate are hallmarks of aging that, without intervention, eventually lead to physical disability and loss of independence. Additionally, OAs are at risk of developing several chronic diseases. As such, participating in activities that can maintain or increase muscle mass and strength, as well as decrease chronic disease risk, is essential for healthy aging. Unfortunately, there is a widely held belief that adaptations to aerobic and resistance exercise are independent of each other, requiring the participation of both types of exercise to achieve optimal health. However, we argue that this assertion is incorrect, and we discuss crossover adaptations of both aerobic and resistance exercise. Aerobic exercise can increase muscle mass and strength, though not consistently and may be limited to exercise that overloads a particular muscle group, such as stationary bicycling. In contrast, resistance exercise is effective at maintaining muscle health with increasing age, and also has significant effects on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, type 2 diabetes (T2D), cancer, and mortality. We posit that resistance exercise is the most effective standalone exercise strategy for improving overall health in OAs and should be emphasized in future guidelines.

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“…Similarly, for strength changes, though there are exceptions (Messier and Dill, 1985), the majority of research suggests that resistance training produces greater increases in strength than 'cardio' type training (Goldberg et al, 1994;Poelhman et al, 2000;Ferrara et al, 2006;Wilkinson et al, 2008;Silanpaa et al, 2008;Athianen et al, 2009). Furthermore, a recent meta-analysis has also shown that resistance training produces more favorable changes in muscle hypertrophy compared to 'cardio' type approaches (Grgic et al, 2018).…”

Section: Comparisons Of Traditional 'Cardio' and Resistance Training mentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparisons of resistance training and ‘cardio’ exercise modalities as countermeasures to microgravity induced physical deconditioning: New perspectives and lessons learned from terrestrial studies

Steele¹,

Androulakis-Korakakis²,

Perrin³

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Prolonged periods in microgravity (μG) environments result in deconditioning of numerous physiological systems, particularly muscle at molecular, single fiber, and whole muscle levels. This deconditioning leads to loss of strength and cardiorespiratory fitness. Loading muscle produces mechanical tension with resultant mechanotransduction initiating molecular signaling that stimulates adaptations in muscle. Exercise can reverse deconditioning resultant from phases of de-training, de-loading, or immobilization. On Earth, applications of loading using exercise models are common, as well as in μG settings as countermeasures to deconditioning. The primary modalities include, but are not limited to, aerobic training (or ‘cardio’) and resistance training, and have historically been dichotomized; the former primarily thought to improve cardiorespiratory fitness, and the latter primarily improving strength and muscle size. However, recent work questions this dichotomy, suggesting adaptations to loading through exercise are affected by intensity of effort independent of modality. Furthermore, similar adaptations may occur where sufficient intensity of effort is used. Traditional countermeasures for μG induced deconditioning have focused upon engineering based solutions to enable application of traditional models of exercise. Yet, contemporary developments in understanding of the applications, and subsequent adaptations, to exercise induced muscular loading in terrestrial settings have advanced such in recent years that it may be appropriate to revisit the evidence to inform how exercise can used in μG. With the planned decommissioning of the International Space Station as early as 2024 and future goals of manned moon and Mars missions, efficiency of resources must be prioritized. Engineering based solutions to apply exercise modalities inevitably present issues relating to devices mass, size, energy use, heat production, and ultimately cost. It is necessary to identify exercise countermeasures to combat deconditioning whilst limiting these issues. As such, this brief narrative review considers recent developments in our understanding of skeletal muscle adaptation to loading through exercise from studies conducted in terrestrial settings, and their applications in μG environments. We consider the role of intensity of effort, comparisons of exercise modalities and the need for concurrent exercise approaches, and other issues often not considered in terrestrial exercise studies but are of concern in μG environments (i.e. O2 consumption, CO2 production, and energy costs of exercise).

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Does Aerobic Training Promote the Same Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy as Resistance Training? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Abstract: Manuscript word count: 4755 Number of figures: 4 Number of tables: 3 Does aerobic training promote the same skeletal muscle hypertrophy as resistance 24 training? A systematic review and meta

Cited by 60 publications

References 61 publications

Resistance Exercise Training as a Primary Countermeasure to Age-Related Chronic Disease

Resistance Exercise Training as a Primary Countermeasure to Age-Related Chronic Disease

Perspective: Pragmatic Exercise Recommendations for Older Adults: The Case for Emphasizing Resistance Training

Comparisons of resistance training and ‘cardio’ exercise modalities as countermeasures to microgravity induced physical deconditioning: New perspectives and lessons learned from terrestrial studies

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