Does Athlete Status Explain Sexual Violence Victimization and Perpetration on College Campuses? A Socio-Ecological Study

McCray, Kristy; Evans, James; Lower‐Hoppe, Leeann M.; Brgoch, Shea; Ryder, Ashley

doi:10.1177/08862605231178356

Cited by 3 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…LGBTQIA+ community members (CDC, 2010; 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey Report), athletes (Foubert et al, 2020;Martin, 2016;McCray et al, 2023), and fraternity and sorority members (Barnes, et al, 2021;Martin, 2016;Muehlenhard et al, 2017). An intentional effort was made to recruit a participant pool of diverse identities and backgrounds.…”

Section: Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, systems of oppression at a societal level allow people of dominant groups to have power over others on a relationship level (Linder, 2018). This review builds on the work of those already examining sexual assault through the lens of the socio-ecological model (Armstrong et al, 2006;Bloom et al, 2022;CDC, 2022a;McCray et al, 2023;Moylan et al, 2021;Moylan & Javorka, 2020;WHO, 2002) for a more comprehensive understanding of sexual assaultnecessary for effective prevention.…”

Section: Ecological Impacts On Sexual Assault Preventionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Relationships also influence an individual's risk of perpetrating violence. On campuses, affiliation with hypermasculine or all-male peer social groups such as fraternities or athletic teams has been linked to higher sexual assault perpetration (Armstrong et al, 2006;Foubert et al, 2020;Jozkowski & Wiersma-Mosley, 2017;Martin, 2016;McCray et al, 2023;Nason et al, 2023;Seabrook et al, 2018;Tharp et al, 2012).…”

Section: Relationshipmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Men's athletics teams hold similar ideologies to fraternities that reinforce hypermasculine norms, rape myth acceptance, and sexually aggressive behaviors (Moylan & Javorka, 2020;Murnen & Kohlman, 2007;Tharp et al, 2012). As with fraternity members, men who were student-athletes are more likely to be perpetrators of sexual violence than their non-athlete peers (McCray et al, 2023), with leaders of the teams exhibiting even higher rates (Foubert et al, 2020). This high-risk population includes both recreational athletes and intercollegiate athletes.…”

Section: Relationshipmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This high-risk population includes both recreational athletes and intercollegiate athletes. Recreational athletes, a less studied population than intercollegiate athletes, are at an even greater risk of perpetration than their intercollegiate and non-athlete peers (McCray et al, 2023). This may be due to prevention education primarily being focused on intercollegiate athletes.…”

Section: Relationshipmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Co-creating change: design thinking approaches to sexual violence prevention in higher education

Allen

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Sexual assault is a deeply rooted issue on American college campuses. The purpose of this study was to examine the systems that enable a culture of sexual assault and then enact an action step that strengthened the institutional strategies for preventing these incidents on campus. This qualitative action research study took place at a mid-sized public institution in the Northeastern United States, consisting of two cycles of research. Cycle 1 served as a baseline data collection about the problem at the research site through semi-structured interviews with staff members and students. Informed by the Cycle 1 findings, Cycle 2 implemented an action step using a "design thinking" approach to achieve transformation through action in collaboration with faculty, staff, and students to co-create innovative solutions for sexual violence prevention. Cycle 2 data was collected via the design thinking workshops and a follow-up focus group. Design thinking workshops were effective in shifting participants' knowledge about the problem and generated hundreds of ideas for prevention initiatives that were informed by research. The findings of this study identified three themes in creating an effective prevention strategy for this institution: 1) the need for top-down investment, 2) the importance of educating students on the nuances of sexual violence, and 3) providing contextually relevant doses of prevention.

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Section: Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Ecological Impacts On Sexual Assault Preventionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Relationshipmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Relationshipmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Relationshipmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Co-creating change: design thinking approaches to sexual violence prevention in higher education

Allen

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Screening college athletes for sexual violence: athletes’ experiences and opinions on best practices

DeStefano,

Peterson,

Pham

et al. 2024

Br J Sports Med

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ObjectivesCollege athletes are at elevated risk for sexual violence, yet few formally report it and screening for sexual violence is uncommon. This study aimed to evaluate the nature of screening occurring among college athletes and collect athletes’ opinions on how best to screen for sexual violence.MethodsThis was a mixed-methods study combining a cross-sectional survey with small group interviews. Intercollegiate and club athletes 18 years and older at a division I institution were recruited to complete an online, anonymous survey. Those who completed the survey were invited to participate in follow-up interviews. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics and qualitative data were analysed inductively using thematic analysis.Results165 athletes completed the survey. Only 25% of respondents reported past screening for any type of interpersonal violence, and only 22% reported past screening for sexual abuse and 21% for sexual harassment. 12 student–athletes participated in follow-up interviews. Athletes suggested several best practices including normalising conversation about sexual violence, empowering athletes to maintain a sense of control around disclosure, building trust and providing multiple opportunities for discussion and disclosure.ConclusionLess than one-quarter of athletes in this study have been screened for sexual violence. Sensitive and effective screening practices should include providing safe environments, initiating the conversation, offering multiple opportunities for disclosure, and ensuring personnel completing screening are knowledgeable on what to do in case of a disclosure. These can inform screening and educational practices to decrease stigma, support those affected and ultimately decrease the incidence of sexual violence victimisation.

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Correlates of verbal and physical violence experienced and perpetrated among cisgender college women: serial cross-sections during one year of the COVID-19 pandemic

Theodore,

Heck,

Huang

et al. 2024

Front. Reprod. Health

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IntroductionViolence against women is a prevalent, preventable public health crisis. COVID-19 stressors and pandemic countermeasures may have exacerbated violence against women. Cisgender college women are particularly vulnerable to violence. Thus, we examined the prevalence and correlates of verbal/physical violence experienced and perpetrated among cisgender women enrolled at a New York City college over one year during the COVID-19 pandemic.MethodsFrom a prospective cohort study, we analyzed data self-reported quarterly (T1, T2, T3, T4) between December 2020 and December 2021. Using generalized estimated equations (GEE) and logistic regression, we identified correlates of experienced and perpetrated violence among respondents who were partnered or cohabitating longitudinally and at each quarter, respectively. Multivariable models included all variables with unadjusted parameters X2p-value ≤0.05.ResultsThe prevalence of experienced violence was 52% (T1: N = 513), 30% (T2: N = 305), 33% (T3: N = 238), and 17% (T4: N = 180); prevalence of perpetrated violence was 38%, 17%, 21%, and 9%. Baseline correlates of experienced violence averaged over time (GEE) included race, living situation, loneliness, and condom use; correlates of perpetrated violence were school year, living situation, and perceived social support. Quarter-specific associations corroborated population averages: living with family members and low social support were associated with experienced violence at all timepoints except T4. Low social support was associated with higher odds of perpetrated violence at T1/T3. Other/Multiracial identity was associated with higher odds of violence experience at T3.ConclusionsLiving situation was associated with experienced and perpetrated violence in all analyses, necessitating further exploration of household conditions, family dynamics, and interpersonal factors. The protective association of social support with experienced and perpetrated violence also warrants investigation into forms of social engagement and cohesion. Racial differences in violence also require examination. Our findings can inform university policy development on violence and future violence research. Within or beyond epidemic conditions, universities should assess and strengthen violence prevention and support systems for young women by developing programming to promote social cohesion.

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Does Athlete Status Explain Sexual Violence Victimization and Perpetration on College Campuses? A Socio-Ecological Study

Cited by 3 publications

References 65 publications

Co-creating change: design thinking approaches to sexual violence prevention in higher education

Co-creating change: design thinking approaches to sexual violence prevention in higher education

Screening college athletes for sexual violence: athletes’ experiences and opinions on best practices

Correlates of verbal and physical violence experienced and perpetrated among cisgender college women: serial cross-sections during one year of the COVID-19 pandemic

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