Does attention speed up processing? Decreases and increases of processing rates in visual prior entry

Tünnermann, Jan; Petersen, Anders; Scharlau, Ingrid

doi:10.1167/15.3.1

Cited by 35 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…These findings confirm that in conditions of maximal uncertainty, attended stimuli are consistently reported as being perceived before unattended ones, in accordance with the concept of prior entry (Schettino et al, 2016;Shore et al, 2001;Spence & Parise, 2010;Titchener, 1908;Tünnermann et al, 2015;Tünnermann & Scharlau, 2016). …”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

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Involuntary attentional orienting to counterproductive exogenous cues

Evens¹,

Schettino²

2017

Preprint

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AcknowledgementsFirst and foremost, I would like to express my gratitude to my mentor, Antonio Schettino, for his ever present faith in me and for continuously challenging me. It was a pleasure to work with someone so contagiously enthusiastic. Thanks to you, my thesis was not only a very educational and most valuable experience that opened up a whole new world to me (shout-out to Bayes factors), but also a very enjoyable one. I appreciated the touch of humour hidden in your comments, the attention to detail, and the many helpful advises that made it possible for me to turn my thesis into something I am very proud of. I could not have wished for a better mentor, you are truly inspiring. I cannot thank you enough.I would also like to thank my promotor, Gilles Pourtois, for giving me the opportunity to be a part of this exciting research project in the first place.Furthermore, I would like to thank all the friends and family that have provided me with support and encouragement over the years. A special mention goes out to my dear friend Saskia Baes. A group assignment in our very first year of university was the start of a friendship I have grown to cherish. In the years that ensued, we have cried together and have celebrated together, and even in these last few weeks, I could always count on your support. Our joint library working-sessions were just what I needed to lift my spirits on low days and provide me with some fresh motivation. I would also like to thank Lucie Demolder, for some wonderful moments we have shared over the past few years. We have not been able to see much of each other lately, but my (and Saskia's) graduation will be a good excuse for us all to meet up again and celebrate (btw, we still have a to do list to finish!).Last but not least, I want to thank my parents for giving me the best opportunities in life and giving me the freedom to discover and pursue my interests. You have patiently put up with me occupying the whole kitchen table with my notes and supported (and tolerated) me in my most stressed out moments. But most of all, thank you for always believing in me, even at times when I did not. 2 AbstractIn the literature, there is an ongoing debate regarding the nature of attentional orienting towards non-reportable exogenous cues. Some argue that even though bottomup orienting can occur towards conscious stimuli, it is consistently modulated by endogenous factors in the case of unconscious stimuli. This would suggest that there may be no purely exogenous shifts of attention towards unconscious stimuli. In this thesis, we set out to provide compelling evidence for an automatic nature of attentional orienting towards non-reportable cues, independent from endogenous factors (e.g., attentional task set). To investigate this, an experiment employing the temporal order judgement (TOJ) paradigm was conducted, in which two line gratings of opposite orientation were presented on each side of a fixation, separated by various stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs). Participants were required to repo...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

“…Importantly, several studies have shown that, when these non-attentional confounds are minimized and carefully controlled, prior entry is still a robust attentional effect (Schettino et al, 2013(Schettino et al, , 2016Spence & Parise, 2010;Tünnermann, Petersen, & Scharlau, 2015;Tünnermann & Scharlau, 2016).…”

Section: Measuring the Prior Entry Effectmentioning

confidence: 99%

Involuntary attentional orienting to counterproductive exogenous cues

Evens¹,

Schettino²

2017

Preprint

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“…The letter stimuli were made of little squares on a 5×7 grid that extended 0.8 × 1.3 • of visual angle. Targets of this font have been used in several previous experiments [16,17]. Examples are presented in Figure 2.…”

Section: Stimulimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Its cause thus lies before or at the beginning of stimulus encoding, leaving the decision mechanism perfectly deterministic. This model is an extension of our earlier work [15][16][17][18][19][20][21], in which we derived a TOJ model from Bundesen's [22,23] theory of visual attention (TVA). Notably, TVA has been successfully applied in many domains of attention research and different experimental paradigms (e.g., whole report, partial report, and attentional dwell time experiments).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stuck on a Plateau? A Model-Based Approach to Fundamental Issues in Visual Temporal-Order Judgments

Tünnermann¹,

Scharlau²

2018

Preprint

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Humans are incapable of judging the temporal order of visual events at brief temporal separations with perfect accuracy. Their performance---which is of much interest in visual cognition and attention research---can be measured with the temporal-order judgment task, which typically produces S-shaped psychometric functions. Occasionally, researchers reported plateaus within these functions, and some theories predict such deviation from the basic S shape. However, the centers of the psychometric functions result from the weakest performance at the most difficult presentations and therefore fluctuate strongly, leaving existence and exact shapes of plateaus unclear. This study set out to investigate whether plateaus disappear if the data accuracy is enhanced, or if we are ``stuck on a plateau'', or rather with it. For this purpose, highly accurate data were assessed by model-based analysis. The existence of plateaus is confidently confirmed and two plausible mechanisms derived from very different models are presented. Neither model, however, performs well in the presence of a strong attention manipulation, and model comparison remains unclear on the question which of the models describes the data best. Nevertheless, the present study includes the highest accuracy in visual TOJ data and the most explicit models of plateaus in TOJ studied so far.

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“…Originally demonstrated by Raymond, Shapiro, and Arnell (1992), the AB refers to an impairment in identification accuracy for the second of two 1 There is an interesting and enduring discussion as to whether or to what extent prior entry reflects judgment biases or reflects the influence of attention on processing rate (Jaskowski, 1993;) and also whether any changes in processing rate involve the attended or the unattended item (Tünnermann, Petersen & Scharlau 2015;Weiss, Hilkenmeier & Scharlau 2013). The assumption is made in the present work that prior entry speeds up the processing of the attended item.…”

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confidence: 99%

Perception of temporal order during the attentional blink: Using stimulus salience to modulate prior entry

Lagroix

Patten

Lollo

et al. 2016

Atten Percept Psychophys

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When multiple targets are presented in rapid sequence, observers frequently confuse the order in which they were presented. The probability of order reversals is known to vary throughout the period of the attentional blink (AB), which refers to impairment in the perception of the second of two targets when it is presented within approximately 500 ms from the first. Our objective was to examine the principle of prior entry (in which perception of temporal order is said to be affected by the relative latency at which each target is processed) as a determinant of the perception of temporal order throughout the AB. In two experiments, three letter targets (T1, T2, T3) were inserted in a stream of digit distractors, with T3 always presented directly after T2. The T1-T2 lag was varied to assess the perception of T2-T3 temporal order throughout the period of the AB. Processing latency was manipulated by means of salience. In Experiment 1, salience of T2 and T3 was manipulated exogenously by coloring the salient target red with all other stimuli being green. In Experiment 2, salience was modulated endogenously by manipulating which of the two targets matched the contents of working memory. Consistent with the principle of prior entry, perception of temporal order in both experiments was enhanced throughout the period of the AB when T2 was salient, and impaired when T3 was salient. Simulations based on the Episodic Simultaneous Type, Serial Token (eSTST) model that incorporates prior-entry, matched the empirical results.Keywords Theoretical and Computational Models . Attentional blink . Selective attention When two stimuli are presented in rapid sequence, observers frequently confuse the order in which they were presented. Among the factors thought to determine the perception of temporal order is the relative amount of attention deployed to the stimuli. That is, the perception of temporal order of two sequential stimuli is determined not only by the actual order of presentation but also by the relative amount of atten-

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Does attention speed up processing? Decreases and increases of processing rates in visual prior entry

Cited by 35 publications

References 69 publications

Involuntary attentional orienting to counterproductive exogenous cues

Involuntary attentional orienting to counterproductive exogenous cues

Stuck on a Plateau? A Model-Based Approach to Fundamental Issues in Visual Temporal-Order Judgments

Perception of temporal order during the attentional blink: Using stimulus salience to modulate prior entry

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