Does birth spacing affect female labor market participation? Evidence from urban China

Pan, Zheng; Jiang, Xiandeng; Zhao, Ningru

doi:10.1016/j.chieco.2021.101644

Cited by 3 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…The data required for this study were extracted from the mentioned survey for 2019. To define the model, the methods used by Pan et al (11), Troske and Voicu (21), and Karimi (20) were applied, evaluating the effect of birth spacing as an endogenous variable on the probability of female employment. The female labor equation is as follows:…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…BS is birth spacing; X is other effective variables such as economic, social, and cultural factors; α 1 , α 2 , and α 3 are the model coefficients, and is the error term. Other variables affecting female employment were selected according to the studies conducted by Pan et al (11), Karimi (20), Kazemi et al (16), Voigtländer and Voth (22), Azimi (14), and Keshavarz and Borhani (23). Table 1 presents the characteristics and values of the study variables.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a result, it prevents women from becoming productive members of society and limits their contribution to economic development (10). Since short and long birth spacings have negative impacts on maternal and child health (4-6, 8, 9), proper birth spacing is an important issue for their health promotion, which can play an important role in the women's decision to conceive and labor market participation (11). Therefore, it is important to evaluate birth spacing, its determinants, and its effects on women's employment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this regard, birth spacing, with its marked effects on fertility and maternal and neonatal health, is an important determinant of female labor market participation. Several studies have evaluated the determinants of female labor market participation (14-18); however, a few studies have investigated the effect of birth spacing on female labor market participation (11,(19)(20)(21). In China, Pan et al (11) found that long birth spacing had a positive effect on female labor market participation, and delaying the second birth by 1 year markedly increased the probability of participation in the labor market for married women in urban areas.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several studies have evaluated the determinants of female labor market participation (14-18); however, a few studies have investigated the effect of birth spacing on female labor market participation (11,(19)(20)(21). In China, Pan et al (11) found that long birth spacing had a positive effect on female labor market participation, and delaying the second birth by 1 year markedly increased the probability of participation in the labor market for married women in urban areas. Karimi (20) found that a long birth spacing increased female participation and income in the labor market for a long time after the second birth in Swedish families.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

The Effect of Child Spacing on Mothers’ Labor Force Participation in Urban Households of Iran

Shahraki

Sefiddashti

2022

Middle East J Rehabil Health Stud

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Background: Short and long birth spacings have negative effects on the health of mothers and children and consequently on the level of mothers’ employment. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effect of first and second children spacing on mothers’ labor force participation in Iranian urban households. Methods: This descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study was performed using econometric methods as a probit and probit model with an instrumental variable in Stata version 16 in 2021. The sample size included 8920 urban households in all provinces of Iran, and the data were extracted from the cost and income questionnaire of urban households. Results: The birth spacing of the first and second child had a positive effect equal to 0.16 on the probability of employment of mothers in households with 2 children, which was equal to 0.22 for households with 2 or more children. The coefficients of maternal age, having a private home, father’s education, and father’s age on mothers’ employment were -0.02, -0.09, -0.06, and 0.02 in households with 2 children, respectively. Conclusions: Increasing the birth spacing, especially for the first and second child, led to an increase in the probability of the mother’s employment in the labor market. Therefore, optimal birth spacing is recommended, which improves both the health of the mother and the child and does not reduce job opportunities. In this regard, policies to promote optimal birth spacing through raising awareness, the use of contraceptive methods, and the importance of breastfeeding are also proposed.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

The Effect of Child Spacing on Mothers’ Labor Force Participation in Urban Households of Iran

Shahraki

Sefiddashti

2022

Middle East J Rehabil Health Stud

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Gender differences in sleep behaviors under China’s universal two-child policy

Fang,

Huang

2024

Sci Rep

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Since 2016, China has progressively relaxed family planning policies to stimulate birth rates. This paper examines the behavioral health repercussions of China’s 2016 universal two-child policy (UTCP) by analyzing sleep pattern data from China Family Panel Studies. Napping is a composite indicator that denotes health outcomes, job quality, and personal well-being. It reveals work conditions and environments to some extent. UTCP may lead to heightened social expectations regarding pregnancy likelihood, and changes in social expectations within the workplace may make work environments less equitable and more stressful for females. Leveraging a difference-in-difference model, this paper explores how napping behaviors among the working-age cohort have responded to the policy shifts. Our analysis reveals a gender discrepancy in response to the policy, specifically, females exhibit a discernible reduction in the likelihood of napping, as well as in the duration of both daytime naps and daily sleep. Conversely, such effects are not significant among males. These results suggest policy consequences extend beyond individuals directly impacted by childbirth or contemplating parenthood. Hence, while promoting fertility is still the government’s goal, policymakers are encouraged to consider the broader challenges the female population faces from social and workplace environment factors.

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The Effect of Childbearing on the Participation of Married Women in the Labor Market of Iran

Ghaderi,

Shahraki

2024

j.health

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Does birth spacing affect female labor market participation? Evidence from urban China

Cited by 3 publications

References 38 publications

The Effect of Child Spacing on Mothers’ Labor Force Participation in Urban Households of Iran

The Effect of Child Spacing on Mothers’ Labor Force Participation in Urban Households of Iran

Gender differences in sleep behaviors under China’s universal two-child policy

The Effect of Childbearing on the Participation of Married Women in the Labor Market of Iran

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