Does breast-feeding influence intelligence quotients at 9 and 10 years of age?

Malloy, Michael H.; Berendes, Heinz W.

doi:10.1016/s0378-3732(97)00044-1

Cited by 44 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Twenty-two (55%) 1,3,6,8,9,[12][13][14][15][16]18,[22][23][24]26,28,29,33,35,[37][38][39] of the 40 studies used an appropriate measure of cognition, ie, a standardized individual test of general intelligence measured at 2 years of age or older (Table 2). Of the 18 remaining studies, some did not meet the standard for Ͼ1 reason.…”

Section: Outcome Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

How Good Is the Evidence Linking Breastfeeding and Intelligence?

2002

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Section: Outcome Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

How Good Is the Evidence Linking Breastfeeding and Intelligence?

2002

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“…Differences between breast-fed and non-breast-fed babies in standard scores (SD) of the cognitive test used in the study. Data were taken from Niemala & Jarvenpaa (1996), Rogan & Gladen (1993), Fergusson et al (1982, Jacobson & Jacobson (1992), Taylor & Wadsworth (1984), Ounsted et al (1984), Hoefer & Hardy (1929), Lucas et al (1992), Rodgers (1978), Horwood & Fergusson (1998), Malloy & Berendes (1998) and Gale & Martyn (1996) 1, Draw-a-man; 2, the Beery Developmental Test of visual-motor integration; 3-7, the Woodcock-Johnson Psycho-educational Battery (3, picture vocabulary; 4, spatial relations; 5, visual-auditory; 6, quantitative concepts; 7, visual matching); 8, gross motor; 9, fine motor; 10, verbal intelligence quotient; 11, performance quotient. (Adapted from Lozoff et al 1991.…”

Section: Protein-energy Malnutritionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutritional deficiencies and later behavioural development

2000

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The literature on the long-term effects of nutritional deficiencies in early life is reviewed. The severity and duration of the deficiency, the stage of the children’s development, the biological condition of the children and the socio-cultural context may all modify the effect. There is substantial evidence that reduced breast-feeding, small-for-gestational-age birth weight, Fe and I deficiency, and protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) are associated with long-term deficits in cognition and school achievement. However, all these conditions are associated with poverty and poor health, which may account for the association. It is difficult to establish that the long-term relationship is causal, as it requires a randomized treatment trial with long-term follow-up. Such studies are only available for I deficiency in utero and early childhood PEM. Results from these studies indicate that I deficiency has a long-term effect and PEM probably has a long-term effect.

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“…Few studies had well-defined and consistent outcome measures. Only five studies met all three methodological standards (Lucas, Morley et al 1992;Lucas, Morley et al 1994;Pollock 1994;Horwood and Fergusson 1998;Malloy and Berendes 1998); three of these found consistent advantages to breastfed infants (Lucas, Morley et al 1992;Lucas, Morley et al 1994;Horwood and Fergusson 1998) but two did not find significant associations (Lucas, Morley et al 1994;Pollock 1994). The lack of association in these two studies may be explained by design issues.…”

Section: Wwwintechopencommentioning

confidence: 90%

“…A growing literature suggests that a relationship between breastfeeding and cognitive development exists (Silva, Buckfield et al 1978;Clandinin, Chappell et al 1980;Fergusson, Beautrais et al 1982;Taylor and Wadsworth 1984;Doyle, Rickards et al 1992;Wharton 1992;Makrides, Neumann et al 1994;Michaelson, Larsen et al 1994;Malloy and Berendes 1998;Quinn, O'Callaghan et al 2001;Oddy, Kendall et al 2003). In a recent critical evaluation (Drane and Logemann 2000) of the three methodological standards described by Bauchner (Bauchner, Leventhal et al 1986), definition of outcome, correct classification of infant feeding type and control of potential confounding variables were determined in relation to cognitive development.…”

Section: Wwwintechopencommentioning

confidence: 99%