Does cardiovascular performance of modern fattening pigs obey allometric scaling laws?

Essen, G.J. van; Vernooij, J.C.M.; Heesterbeek, J.A.P.; Anjema, D.; Merkus, Daphne; Duncker, Dirk J.

doi:10.2527/jas.2009-1860

Cited by 8 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…In conclusion, we previously reported that the proposed disproportionate development of the cardiovascular system in modern fattening pigs is not apparent in growing pigs with BW up to 75 kg, even when the cardiovascular system is stressed during submaximal exercise (van Essen et al, 2009). The present study in young growing and adult pigs demonstrates for the first time that adult sows exhibit CO and SV that are disproportionately low for their BW.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

“…However, information regarding the cardiovascular system of the pig in relation to BW is fragmentary, and CO measurements, especially in growing pigs, are lacking to date. Recently, we (van Essen et al, 2009) addressed this question by collecting and analyzing CO and SV data of 60 growing pigs, with BW ranging from 22 to 75 kg, both at rest and during strenuous treadmill exercise. The results of that study showed for the first time that both CO and SV obeyed allometric scaling laws in pigs up to 75 kg, not only under resting conditions, but also during treadmill exercise.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In wild animals, HW and cardiac output (CO) have been shown to scale with BW to the power of 0.75, blood volume scales with BW to the power of 0.25, and stroke volume (SV) scales with BW to the power of 1.00 (West et al, 1997;Yang and Lin, 1997;West and Brown, 2005). Recently, we tested the scaling hypothesis for CO and SV in growing domesticated pigs with BW ranging from 22 to 75 kg at rest and during strenuous exercise (van Essen et al, 2009) and found that, in domestic pigs with a BW that is within the range of their wild ancestors, CO and SV scaled to BW as predicted by the quarter scaling laws [null hypothesis (H 0 ): CO = a·BW 0.75 ; and H 0 : SV = a·BW 1.0 ). Whether CO and SV scale proportionally with BW in pigs with BW of 200 to 350 kg has not been studied to date.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cardiovascular performance of adult breeding sows fails to obey allometric scaling laws1

Essen¹,

Vernooij²,

Heesterbeek³

et al. 2011

Journal of Animal Science

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In view of the remarkable decrease of the relative heart weight (HW) and the relative blood volume in growing pigs, we investigated whether HW, cardiac output (CO), and stroke volume (SV) of modern growing pigs are proportional to BW, as predicted by allometric scaling laws: HW (or CO or SV) = a·BW(b), in which a and b are constants, and constant b is a multiple of 0.25 (quarter-power scaling law). Specifically, we tested the hypothesis that both HW and CO scale with BW to the power of 0.75 (HW or CO = a·BW(0.75)) and SV scales with BW to the power of 1.00 (SV = a·BW(1.0)). For this purpose, 2 groups of pigs (group 1, consisting of 157 pigs of 50 ± 1 kg; group 2, consisting of 45 pigs of 268 ± 18 kg) were surgically instrumented with a flow probe or a thermodilution dilution catheter, under open-chest anesthetized conditions to measure CO and SV, after which HW was determined. The 95% confidence intervals of power-coefficient b for HW were 0.74 to 0.80, encompassing the predicted value of 0.75, suggesting that HW increased proportionally with BW, as predicted by the allometric scaling laws. In contrast, the 95% confidence intervals of power-coefficient b for CO and SV as measured with flow probes were 0.40 to 0.56 and 0.39 to 0.61, respectively, and values obtained with the thermodilution technique were 0.34 to 0.53 and 0.40 to 0.62, respectively. Thus, the 95% confidence limits failed to encompass the predicted values of b for CO and SV of 0.75 and 1.0, respectively. In conclusion, although adult breeding sows display normal heart growth, cardiac performance appears to be disproportionately low for BW. This raises concern regarding the health status of adult breeding sows.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cardiovascular performance of adult breeding sows fails to obey allometric scaling laws1

Essen¹,

Vernooij²,

Heesterbeek³

et al. 2011

Journal of Animal Science

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“…It is important to note that although pigs and humans have similar cardiac physiology with comparable heart rate and cardiac output [ 24 , 25 ], minor differences between the human and porcine LV ECMs have been reported [ 20 ]. Specifically, collagens II, V, and VI were identified only in the porcine and not the human LV ECM, but the relative abundance of ECM proteins between the species was not determined.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biochemical and biomechanical properties of the pacemaking sinoatrial node extracellular matrix are distinct from contractile left ventricular matrix

et al. 2017

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Extracellular matrix plays a role in differentiation and phenotype development of its resident cells. Although cardiac extracellular matrix from the contractile tissues has been studied and utilized in tissue engineering, extracellular matrix properties of the pacemaking sinoatrial node are largely unknown. In this study, the biomechanical properties and biochemical composition and distribution of extracellular matrix in the sinoatrial node were investigated relative to the left ventricle. Extracellular matrix of the sinoatrial node was found to be overall stiffer than that of the left ventricle and highly heterogeneous with interstitial regions composed of predominantly fibrillar collagens and rich in elastin. The extracellular matrix protein distribution suggests that resident pacemaking cardiomyocytes are enclosed in fibrillar collagens that can withstand greater tensile strength while the surrounding elastin-rich regions may undergo deformation to reduce the mechanical strain in these cells. Moreover, basement membrane-associated adhesion proteins that are ligands for integrins were of low abundance in the sinoatrial node, which may decrease force transduction in the pacemaking cardiomyocytes. In contrast to extracellular matrix of the left ventricle, extracellular matrix of the sinoatrial node may reduce mechanical strain and force transduction in pacemaking cardiomyocytes. These findings provide the criteria for a suitable matrix scaffold for engineering biopacemakers.

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“…Previous work has demonstrated that swine of the body weights used in this study obey allometric scaling laws with regard to a linear relationship between cardiac output and body weight (van Essen et al . ). Arteriolar constrictor responses are presented as percentage possible constriction calculated as [( D b – D d )/ D b ] × 100, where D b is baseline diameter and D d is diameter after a drug intervention.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Reduced contribution of endothelin to the regulation of systemic and pulmonary vascular tone in severe familial hypercholesterolaemia

Bender

Beer

Tharp

et al. 2014

The Journal of Physiology

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Key pointsr Familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) causes vascular dysfunction involving reduced nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability and limits exercise-induced vasodilatation in the systemic, but not pulmonary, vasculature.r The mechanism(s) underlying blunted exercise-induced systemic vasodilatation in FH are unclear but may involve enhanced endothelin-1 (ET-1)-mediated vasoconstriction resulting from lessened NO-dependent inhibition.r In a chronically instrumented swine model of FH, ET-1 receptor inhibition in vivo did not restore systemic exercise-induced vasodilatation but rather revealed a reduced role for ET-1 in regulating systemic and pulmonary vascular tone at rest and during exercise associated with reduced circulating ET-1 in FH swine.r In contrast, isolated skeletal muscle arterioles from FH swine exhibited enhanced ET-1 sensitivity due to reduced NO with no change in smooth muscle ET receptor expression.r These results increase understanding of FH-associated vascular dysfunction by revealing a novel reduction in ET production and resultant attenuation of ET-dependent vascular tone in vivo in FH.Abstract Vascular dysfunction has been associated with familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH), a severe form of hyperlipidaemia. We recently demonstrated that swine with FH exhibit reduced exercise-induced systemic, but not pulmonary, vasodilatation involving reduced nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability. Since NO normally limits endothelin (ET) action, we examined the hypothesis that reduced systemic vasodilatation during exercise in FH swine results from increased ET-mediated vasoconstriction. Systemic and pulmonary vascular responses to exercise were examined in chronically instrumented normal and FH swine in the absence and presence of the ET A/B receptor antagonist tezosentan. Intrinsic reactivity to ET was further assessed in skeletal muscle arterioles. FH swine exhibited ß9-fold elevation in total plasma cholesterol versus normal swine. Similar to our recent findings, systemic, not pulmonary, vasodilatation during exercise was reduced in FH swine. Blockade of ET receptors caused marked systemic vasodilatation at rest and during exercise in normal swine that was significantly reduced in FH swine. The reduced role of ET in FH swine in vivo was not the result of decreased arteriolar ET responsiveness, as responsiveness was increased in isolated arterioles. Smooth muscle ET receptor protein content was unaltered by FH. However, circulating plasma ET levels were reduced in FH swine. ET receptor antagonism caused pulmonary vasodilatation at rest and during exercise in normal, but not FH, swine. Therefore, contrary to our hypothesis, FH swine exhibit a generalised reduction in the role of ET in regulating Abbreviations BO 2 ex, body O 2 extraction; BV O2 , body O 2 consumption; CI, cardiac index; ECE, endothelin converting enzyme; ET, endothelin; FH, familial hypercholesterolaemia; HR, heart rate; LAP, left atrial pressure; L-NAME, N G -nitro-L-arginine methyl ester; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; MAP, mean arterial pres...

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Does cardiovascular performance of modern fattening pigs obey allometric scaling laws?

Cited by 8 publications

References 17 publications

Cardiovascular performance of adult breeding sows fails to obey allometric scaling laws1

Cardiovascular performance of adult breeding sows fails to obey allometric scaling laws1

Biochemical and biomechanical properties of the pacemaking sinoatrial node extracellular matrix are distinct from contractile left ventricular matrix

Reduced contribution of endothelin to the regulation of systemic and pulmonary vascular tone in severe familial hypercholesterolaemia

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