Does comorbid anxiety counteract emotion recognition deficits in conduct disorder?

Short, Roxanna; Sonuga‐Barke, Edmund; Adams, Wendy J.; Fairchild, Graeme

doi:10.1111/jcpp.12544

Cited by 22 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 61 publications

(83 reference statements)

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“…CD was also associated with impaired fear recognition. These findings support previous research demonstrating impaired recognition of anger and fear in adolescents with CD (Bowen et al, 2013;Fairchild et al, 2009Fairchild et al, , 2010Short et al, 2016;Sully et al, 2015). Critically, our work extends these previous findings by demonstrating that anger and fear recognition deficits are still present when the stimuli are dynamic or presented at lower intensity.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…However, CD is associated with similar neuropsychological impairments in males and females, including lower verbal IQ (Lynam, Moffitt, & Stouthamer-Loeber, 1993;Moffitt & Silva, 1988;Pajer et al, 2008), deficits in autonomic fear conditioning (Fairchild, Stobbe, van Goozen, Calder, & Goodyer, 2010;Fairchild, Van Goozen, Stollery, & Goodyer, 2008) and reduced eye-blink startle responses (Fairchild et al, 2008(Fairchild et al, , 2010. While research has demonstrated that CD is associated with impairments in facial emotion recognition in males and females (Fairchild, Van Goozen, Calder, Stollery, & Goodyer, 2009;Fairchild et al, 2010;Schwenck et al, 2012Schwenck et al, , 2014Short, Sonuga-Barke, Adams, & Fairchild, 2016;Sully, Sonuga-Barke, & Fairchild, 2015), the underlying cause(s) of these deficits are not well understood. They could reflect difficulties with attention (e.g., impaired orienting to the eye region of the face) and/or appraisal (interpretation of stimuli that have been successfully encoded).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Facial emotion recognition and eye movement behaviour in conduct disorder

Martin-Key

Graf

Adams

et al. 2017

Child Psychology Psychiatry

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Background: Conduct Disorder (CD) is associated with impairments in facial emotion recognition. However, it is unclear whether such deficits are explained by a failure to attend to emotionally informative face regions, such as the eyes, or by problems in the appraisal of emotional cues. Method: Male and female adolescents with CD and varying levels of callous-unemotional (CU) traits and age-and sex-matched typically developing (TD) controls (aged 13-18) categorised the emotion of dynamic and morphed static faces. Concurrent eye tracking was used to relate categorisation performance to participants' allocation of overt attention. Results: Adolescents with CD were worse at emotion recognition than TD controls, with deficits observed across static and dynamic expressions. In addition, the CD group fixated less on the eyes when viewing fearful and sad expressions. Across all participants, higher levels of CU traits were associated with fear recognition deficits and reduced attention to the eyes of surprised faces. Within the CD group, however, higher CU traits were associated with better fear recognition. Overall, males were worse at recognising emotions than females and displayed a reduced tendency to fixate the eyes. Discussion: Adolescents with CD, and particularly males, showed deficits in emotion recognition and fixated less on the eyes when viewing emotional faces. Individual differences in fixation behaviour predicted modest variations in emotion categorisation. However, group differences in fixation were small and did not explain the much larger group differences in categorisation performance, suggesting that CD-related deficits in emotion recognition were not mediated by abnormal fixation patterns.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Facial emotion recognition and eye movement behaviour in conduct disorder

Martin-Key

Graf

Adams

et al. 2017

Child Psychology Psychiatry

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“…More specifically Prado and colleagues [42], used the Levenson self-report measure at a single time point to identify primary and secondary groups, whereas we used a combination of measures of conduct problems, callous unemotional traits and anxiety, assessed over time. As indicated by the accuracy ratings, our findings also suggest that this impairment in facial affect recognition for individuals high on CU traits is more generalized, in line with meta-analytic findings [19] and a study conducted with adolescents with CP (with and without anxiety); [3] that emotion recognition deficits in psychopathy are not restricted to specific emotions such as fear or sadness as has been suggested by prior work [5,17,43]. The stimuli used in the current study were dynamic snapshots (clips) of adults expressing various emotions and included movements in different parts of the face compared to static stimuli that were used in other studies [5,24] possibly contributing to the differences in results.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

In the eyes of the beholder: investigating the effect of visual probing on accuracy and gaze fixations when attending to facial expressions among primary and secondary callous-unemotional variants

Kyranides

Fanti

Petridou

et al. 2019

Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry

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Individuals with callous-unemotional (CU) traits show deficits in facial emotion recognition. According to preliminary research, this impairment may be due to attentional neglect to peoples' eyes when evaluating emotionally expressive faces. However, it is unknown whether this atypical processing pattern is unique to established variants of CU traits or modifiable with intervention. This study examined facial affect recognition and gaze patterns among individuals (N = 80; M age = 19.95, SD = 1.01 years; 50% female) with primary vs secondary CU variants. These groups were identified based on repeated measurements of conduct problems, CU traits, and anxiety assessed in adolescence and adulthood. Accuracy and number of fixations on areas of interest (forehead, eyes, and mouth) while viewing six dynamic emotions were assessed. A visual probe was used to direct attention to various parts of the face. Individuals with primary and secondary CU traits were less accurate than controls in recognizing facial expressions across all emotions. Those identified in the low-anxious primary-CU group showed reduced overall fixations to fearful and painful facial expressions compared to those in the high-anxious secondary-CU group. This difference was not specific to a region of the face (i.e. eyes or mouth). Findings point to the importance of investigating both accuracy and eye gaze fixations, since individuals in the primary and secondary groups were only differentiated in the way they attended to specific facial expression. These findings have implications for differentiated interventions focused on improving facial emotion recognition with regard to attending and correctly identifying emotions.

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“…We also hypothesized that participants with CD/CU+ would show reduced EA, emotion recognition, and affective empathy relative to CD/CU- participants. We predicted that such deficits would be particularly marked for sadness and fear, given previous research showing disproportionate impairments in the processing of distress cues in those with high levels of CU traits (Dadds et al 2006 ; Marsh and Blair 2008 ; Short et al 2016 ).…”

Section: The Current Studymentioning

confidence: 98%

“…It has been proposed that empathy is a multi-faceted phenomenon that can be fractionated into at least three forms: cognitive empathy (understanding others’ mental states/emotion recognition), affective empathy (feeling the same emotion as another person), and motor empathy (mirroring others’ body movements and facial expressions; Blair 2005 ). There is increasing evidence that individuals with Disruptive Behavior Disorders (DBDs) such as Conduct Disorder (CD) and Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD), show deficits in emotion recognition (Fairchild et al 2009 ; Short et al 2016 ) and affective empathy (de Wied et al 2005 ; de Wied et al 2012 ). Nevertheless, findings are inconsistent across studies and highly simplified stimuli or tasks have been used in many of these studies.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Empathic Accuracy in Male Adolescents with Conduct Disorder and Higher versus Lower Levels of Callous-Unemotional Traits

Martin-Key

Brown

Fairchild

2016

J Abnorm Child Psychol

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Adolescents with disruptive behavior disorders are reported to show deficits in empathy and emotion recognition. However, prior studies have mainly used questionnaires to measure empathy or experimental paradigms that are lacking in ecological validity. We used an empathic accuracy (EA) task to study EA, emotion recognition, and affective empathy in 77 male adolescents aged 13–18 years: 37 with Conduct Disorder (CD) and 40 typically-developing controls. The CD sample was divided into higher callous-emotional traits (CD/CU+) and lower callous-unemotional traits (CD/CU-) subgroups using a median split. Participants watched films of actors recalling happy, sad, surprised, angry, disgusted or fearful autobiographical experiences and provided continuous ratings of emotional intensity (assessing EA), as well as naming the emotion (recognition) and reporting the emotion they experienced themselves (affective empathy). The CD and typically-developing groups did not significantly differ in EA and there were also no differences between the CD/CU+ and CD/CU- subgroups. Participants with CD were significantly less accurate than controls in recognizing sadness, fear, and disgust, all ps < 0.050, rs ≥ 0.30, whilst the CD/CU- and CD/CU+ subgroups did not differ in emotion recognition. Participants with CD also showed affective empathy deficits for sadness, fear, and disgust relative to controls, all ps < 0.010, rs ≥ 0.33, whereas the CD/CU+ and CD/CU- subgroups did not differ in affective empathy. These results extend prior research by demonstrating affective empathy and emotion recognition deficits in adolescents with CD using a more ecologically-valid task, and challenge the view that affective empathy deficits are specific to CD/CU+.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s10802-016-0243-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Does comorbid anxiety counteract emotion recognition deficits in conduct disorder?

Abstract: Background: Previous research has reported altered emotion recognition in both conduct disorder

Cited by 22 publications

References 61 publications

Facial emotion recognition and eye movement behaviour in conduct disorder

Facial emotion recognition and eye movement behaviour in conduct disorder

In the eyes of the beholder: investigating the effect of visual probing on accuracy and gaze fixations when attending to facial expressions among primary and secondary callous-unemotional variants

Empathic Accuracy in Male Adolescents with Conduct Disorder and Higher versus Lower Levels of Callous-Unemotional Traits

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