Does contextual change determine long-term forgetting?

Gisquet-Verrier, Pascale; Alexinsky, Tatiana

doi:10.3758/bf03200078

Cited by 36 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…However, it is worth noting that our interpretation in terms of a dual function of these cues is in accordance with other data suggesting that they may influence retrieval through processes other than simple reactivation (Gisquet-Verrier & Alexinsky, 1986;Gordon, 1983;Riccio et al, 1984). For instance, if a conflicting memory is reactivated concurrently with the target memory, an additional process has to be inferred in order to account for correct retention performance.…”

Section: Pretest Cuing and Control Of Behaviorsupporting

confidence: 60%

“…Such an effect was obtained-at least, undoubtedly, when the tone had previously been associated with active-avoidance training-even though the critical cue (the tone) was no longer present in the test context. Typically, contextual cues presented as reminders are also present at subsequent testing (but see Gibling & Davies, 1988;Gisquet-Verrier & Alexinsky, 1986). In our experiments, it appears that the pretest presentation of a unitary contextual cue (the tone) in a general context (the experimental room) induces processes that preclude those otherwise induced by the general contextual information present at the time of testing.…”

Section: Pretest Cuing and Control Of Behaviormentioning

confidence: 87%

“…More specifically, these experiments were aimed at (1) confirming and extending Spear et al 's data, and (2) comparing the direct contextual control at testing with the effects of a pretest cuing episode. In our view, such experiments may provide information relevant to the current discussion about the validity of the "altered context" hypothesis (Gisquet-Verrier & Alexinsky, 1986;Riccio et al, 1984). …”

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confidence: 99%

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Interaction between conflicting memories in the rat: Contextual pretest cuing reverses control of behavior by testing context

Dekeyne¹,

Deweer²

1990

Animal Learning & Behavior

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Two experiments were run in order to investigate the influence of external contextual cues on the interaction between two conflicting memories. Rats were trained, in the same apparatus, on a passive-avoidance task and, 10 min later, on an active-avoidance task, then submitted to a 24-h delayed test (without reinforcement). When contextual cues remained unchanged throughout these three phases, the animals exhibited proactive interference, as shown by longer response latencies than those of control animals that had learned only the active-avoidance task (Experiment 1). When training contexts were made slightly different from one task to the other (by the presence of a continuous tone during either the first or the second task), the animals behaved at subsequent testing in accordance with the response contingencies present in the context exactly similar to the test context; this control of behavior by testing context was demonstrated both when the tone was absent (Experiments 1 and 2) and present (Experiment 2) at testing. A cuing procedure-a 90-sec exposure to the tone in the experimental room 5 min prior to testingled the animals to behave in accordance with the response previously acquired in the presence of the tone (Experiments 1 and 2), exactly in the same way as animals tested in the presence of the tone (Experiment 2). The same cuing treatment was ineffective when administered 1 h before testing (Experiment 2). These results are interpreted in terms of a dual function of contextual cues at the time of retrieval: the general contextual information present during testing or during pretest cuing is assumed to induce concurrent reactivation of both memories. Consequently, the experimentally manipulated contextual cue (the tone) would have a discriminative function, leading the animals to choose between the two equally available representations.The role of contextual cues in retrieval of memories in humans and in other animals has often been demonstrated. Numerous studies with human subjects have shown that retention performance can be disrupted by changing, at the time of testing, some of the external (Godden & Baddeley, 1975;Smith, 1986;Smith, Glenberg, & Bjork, 1978) or internal (see Eich, 1980;Overton, 1985, for reviews) contextual cues that were present at the time of training. These data are in accordance with a multidimensional view of memory-that is, the contention that a memory is composed of a number of attributes corresponding to the target stimuli as well as to surrounding (contextual) stimuli noticed at the time of the training episode (Bower, 1967;Underwood, 1969). These data also support Tulving and Thomson's (1973) "encoding specificity" hypothesis, which assumes that the success of a memory search is a function of the degree of similarity between the retrieval environment and the context in which the target information was originally encoded. Several studies have illustrated the same ideas in the domain of animal memory. These studies have developed two rather different approaches, using either ...

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Section: Pretest Cuing and Control Of Behaviorsupporting

confidence: 60%

Section: Pretest Cuing and Control Of Behaviormentioning

confidence: 87%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Interaction between conflicting memories in the rat: Contextual pretest cuing reverses control of behavior by testing context

Dekeyne¹,

Deweer²

1990

Animal Learning & Behavior

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“…Pretest exposure to the experimental context in which discriminative avoidance training had taken place also alleviates forgetting. These experiments compared the effectiveness of the contextual cue and the conditioned stimulus (CS) as reminders and found that pretest priming with the CS facilitated performance at short training to test intervals, whereas the contextual cue was only effective after a long retention interval, when control animals showed considerable forgetting (Gisquet-Verrier and Alexinsky 1986;Gisquet-Verrier et al 1989). (Left) Number of errors at each daily trial during acquisition; (right) retention performance of rats tested 3 weeks after the last training trial.…”

Section: Memory Retrieval Facilitation After Forgetting: Contextual Cmentioning

confidence: 99%

Retrieval and Reconsolidation: Toward a Neurobiology of Remembering

Sara¹

2000

Learn. Mem.

844

580

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“…There is considerable evidence indicating that an exposure to some components of a learning episode can alleviate a performance decrement resulting from experimentally induced amnesia (Koppenaal, Jagoda, & Cruce, 1967; R. R. Miller & Springer, 1972;Sara, 1973a), spontaneous decrease in performance (Kamin effect: Klein & Spear, 1970;Gisquet-Verrier & Alexinsky , 1990a) , short retention intervals (Gordon & Feldman, 1978) or long-term forgetting (Deweer, Sara, & Hars, 1980;Gisquet-Verrier & Alexinsky, 1986;GisquetVerrier, Dekeyne, & Alexinsky, 1989). The facilitative effect of prior cuing is a highly reliable phenomenon that has been found in many different species, such as rats, mice, and pigeons (Moye & Thomas, 1982), as well as in human infants (Rovee-Collier & Hayne, 1987).…”

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confidence: 99%

Coherence of retrieval cues, rather than additivity, determines prior cuing effectiveness in the rat

Gisquet-Verrier

1992

Animal Learning & Behavior

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In previous studies, we have shown that adding a supplementary cue in a prior-cuing treatment may dramatically reduce its initial effectiveness. This series of experiments was aimed at testing the hypothesis that such a lack of additivity among retrieval cues could be due to the combined reactivation of memory attributes related to incompatible behavioral responses. For that purpose, rats were partially trained to reach the lighted arm (light condition; usual training condition) or the darkened arm (dark condition) of a V-maze in order to avoid an electric footshock. The first experiment demonstrates that animals learned the two versions of the task similarly and that an exposure to the light similarly acts as an effective retrieval cue after a 24-h interval. In the second experiment, the effectiveness of exposure to the grid alone and to the light alone as well as to the combined light + grid cue was investigated after a 21-day training-to-test interval in the light condition, where light was related to safety and grid was associated with the shock, and in the dark condition, where both light and grid were related to the shock. The results indicate that whereas the compound light + grid cue was an ineffective retrieval cue in the light condition, it acted as an effective retrieval cue in the dark condition, supporting the hypothesis that coherence between retrieval cues is a necessary condition for effective cuing.

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Does contextual change determine long-term forgetting?

Cited by 36 publications

References 30 publications

Interaction between conflicting memories in the rat: Contextual pretest cuing reverses control of behavior by testing context

Interaction between conflicting memories in the rat: Contextual pretest cuing reverses control of behavior by testing context

Retrieval and Reconsolidation: Toward a Neurobiology of Remembering

Coherence of retrieval cues, rather than additivity, determines prior cuing effectiveness in the rat

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