“…In the wide diversity of research articles addressing the issue of sustainability, the key question that arises repeatedly is the correlation between social performance (CSP) and financial performance (FP) (Adegbite, Guney, Kwabi, & Tahir, 2019; Makni, 2009; Orlitzky, Louche, Gond, & Chapple, 2017; Simpson & Kohers, 2002; Wang, Lu, Ye, Chau, & Zhang, 2016a; Wang, Dou, & Jia, 2016b; Zhao & Murrell, 2016). Another recent question less discussed in the literature concerns the correlation between CSR and risk (Albuquerque, Koskinen, & Zhang, 2019; Chollet & Sandwidi, 2018; Monti, Pattitoni, Petracci, & Randl, 2019). Many researchers agree on the importance of CSR, and have shown that CSR strategies lead to higher firm value (Harjoto & Laksmana, 2018; Jadiyappa, Iyer, & Jyothi, 2019; Jo & Harjoto, 2011; Servaes & Tamayo, 2013), reduced risks (Cuesta‐González, Muñoz‐Torres, & Fernández‐Izquierdo, 2006), and lower cost of capital (El Ghoul, Guedhami, Kwok, & Mishra, 2011; Nandy & Lodh, 2012).…”