We determined screening outcome of subsequent screens during and after the transition from screen-film mammography (SFM) to full-field digital mammography (FFDM). A consecutive series of 102,863 subsequent (SFM screens with a prior SFM screen (SFM-SFM cohort), 91,941 FFDM screens with a prior SFM screen (FFDM-SFM cohort) and 90,407 FFDM screens with a prior FFDM screen (FFDM-FFDM cohort) were obtained between January 2006 and July 2013. The referral rate and cancer detection rate (CDR) per 1,000 screens were higher at FFDM-SFM than at SFM-SFM (2.7% vs. 1.2% (p < 0.001) and 7.0 vs. 4.9, p < 0.001), at the expense of a lower positive predictive value (PPV) of referral (25.8% vs. 39.6%, p < 0.001). These parameters were comparable for FFDM-SFM and FFDM-FFDM. Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and invasive cancer rates increased during transition and remained stable after transition. The rate of DCIS of intermediate grade increased during the transition from 0.2 per 1,000 screened women at SFM-SFM to 0.6 at FFDM-SFM (p < 0.001) and 0.5 at FFDM-FFDM (p 5 0.001). Compared to SFM-SFM, a significantly higher rate of invasive cancers were stage T1a-b at FFDM-SFM (p < 0.001) and FFDM-FFDM (p < 0.001). Breast conserving surgery rates increased during transition (p < 0.001) and remained stable afterwards. The CDR and referral rate remained significantly higher at FFDM than at SFM, at the expense of a decreased PPV of referral. During transition, DCIS was more often of intermediate grade and invasive cancers were of smaller size.Full-field digital mammography (FFDM) has replaced screenfilm mammography (SFM) in most breast cancer screening programs. FFDM improves workflow and there is emerging evidence that digital mammography is superior to SFM with respect to cancer detection, especially in women under the age of 50 years and in women with radiographically dense breasts.
1,2Previous studies have shown conflicting results when comparing SFM and FFDM outcome at screening mammography. Certain studies report no differences in cancer detection rates (CDRs), 3-5 whereas others find an increased 6-8 or decreased CDR 9 at FFDM. Higher CDRs at digital screening usually come with higher referral rates.10 Reports on the impact of FFDM on the positive predictive value (PPV) of referral also vary, but higher referral rates at digital mammography usually increased the number of women falsely referred. 7,11,12 Studies on the effect of the transition to FFDM on the pathology of breast cancer found at breast cancer screening have also shown conflicting results. Early studies have shown that the increased detection of breast cancer at FFDM was predominantly due to the detection of higher detection rates of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). This observation intensified the discussion about over-diagnosis at screening mammography, that is, the detection of slow-growing tumours that would rarely have caused symptoms let alone death.
12-14On the other hand, several recent studies suggest that digital mammography appears to add to the detection of hi...