Does early exposure to cat or dog protect against later allergy development?

Hesselmar, Bill; Åberg, Nils; Aberg, B; Eriksson, Bo; Björkstén, Bengt

doi:10.1046/j.1365-2222.1999.00534.x

Cited by 472 publications

(359 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…It has become evident that something is lacking from our affluent societies that has the capacity to protect against the development of atopic (and autoimmune) diseases (102) Growing up on a farm may confer protection against atopy (114) Exposure to pets (cats and dogs) in early life may confer protection against atopy (123) 2000 Exposure to LPS in home dust may confer protection against atopy (93) Exposure to helminths may confer protection Current hygiene hypothesis; against the expression of atopic disease (134) Orofecal and helminth infections, 2001…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These data suggest that exposure to a wide spectrum of microorganisms and bacterial products, such as LPS, may be responsible for the lower prevalence of atopic diseases among individuals grown up on a farm or rural area. This also appears to be true for exposure to pets, which may serve as a secondary source of transmission of a variety of microorganisms (123)(124)(125)(126).…”

Section: Exposure To Farm/country Environment and Petsmentioning

confidence: 93%

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Asthma and atopy – the price of affluence?

Hertzen

Haahtela²

2004

Allergy

121

110

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Irrespective of improved knowledge of many aspects of atopic diseases, the unfavorable trends in their prevalence particularly among children could not have been reversed. A growing body of evidence suggests that something may lack from our societal affluence that has the capacity to provide protection against the development of atopic diseases. Much attention during the last years has been devoted to the hygiene hypothesis. This review outlines the impact of environment and lifestyle, particularly from the perspective of the East–West gradient, on the development of atopic diseases, with a special emphasis on the hygiene hypothesis in its broadest sense.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Exposure To Farm/country Environment and Petsmentioning

confidence: 93%

Asthma and atopy – the price of affluence?

Hertzen

Haahtela²

2004

Allergy

121

110

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“…However, the relationship between exposure to inhaled allergens in early life and the development of asthma or wheeze in childhood is controversial (Burr et al, 1993;Sporik et al, 1995;Lau et al, 2000). Indeed, it seems that early exposure to some allergens may be protective of later development of asthma (Hesselmar et al, 1999) (see also discussion of the "hygiene hypothesis" in to lipopolysaccharides in early life protects against the development of allergy in children who have regular contact with farm animals compared with those without contact (von Mutius, 2002). Children section 4.3.5).…”

Section: ) Indoor Airmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expressing urine from a gel disposable diaper for biomonitoring using phthalates as an example

Liu

Xia

Guo

et al. 2012

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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The urinary metabolites of phthalates are well-accepted exposure biomarkers for adults and children older than 6 years but are not commonly used for infants owing to non-convenient sampling. In the light of this situation, a novel sampling method based on monitoring the urine expressed from the gel diaper was developed. The urine was expressed from the gel absorbent after mixing the absorbent with CaCl2 and then collected by a laboratory-made device; the urinary phthalate metabolites were extracted and cleaned using a solid-phase extraction (SPE) column and analyzed with high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry / mass spectrometry. To evaluate the method's feasibility, the following factors were investigated: the proportion of CaCl2 to gel absorbent, the urination volume variation and the target compounds' deposition bias in the diaper, the matrix blank of the different diaper brands, the storage stabilities and the recoveries of creatinine and phthalate metabolites in the expressed urine. Mono-methyl phthalate, mono-ethyl phthalate, mono-butyl phthalate, mono-benzyl phthalate, mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate and mono-2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl phthalate were involved. 70-80% of the urine can be expressed from the diaper, and the expressed spiking recoveries and the limit of detection of mono-phthalates ranged from 88.5-115% and 0.21-0.50 ng/ml. The method was applied to measure phthalate metabolites in 65 gel diaper samples from 15 infants, and the pilot data suggests the infants are commonly exposed to phthalates. In summary, the method for monitoring of infant exposure to phthalates is sound and validated, and the potential health effects from the vulnerable infants' exposure to phthalates should be concerned.39th Scientific Research Foundation for the Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars (SRF for ROCS); Hundred Talent Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); CAS/SAFEA International Partnership Program for Creative Research Teams [KZCX2-YW-T08

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“…• infections due to a sibling effect (more brothers or sisters) protect against asthma [4]; • infections due to day care protect against allergy and asthma [5]; • microbial products due to farming protect against allergy and asthma [6]; • inhalant allergens due to cats and dogs protect against allergy [7]; • breast feeding induces allergy and asthma [2].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…What actual evidence do we have for the hygiene hypothesis? Several studies are frequently cited to support it ( [2,[4][5][6][7] see Box).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

No clinical evidence base to support the hygiene hypothesis

Schayck

Knottnerus

2004

Primary Care Respiratory Journal

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KEYWORDS Clinical evidence;Allergy; Hygiene hypothesisSummary The hygiene hypothesis is a popular explanation for recent increases in allergy in the western world. This hypothesis suggests that development of allergy (or asthma) could be prevented by exposure to immune stimulants such as viruses, bacteria and endotoxins, in particular in the prenatal period or early childhood. How evidence-based are the observations which support the hygiene hypothesis? All clinical epidemiological indications in favour of the hypothesis are based on observational (cross-sectional and cohort) studies and not on observations in randomised controlled intervention studies. In cross-sectional studies no causal relationships can be assessed with sufficient validity. Also in cohort studies there are validity problems, as the exposure is not determined by chance (by means of randomisation) and could be influenced by behaviour. And behaviour might well be a confounder, since it can be associated with both exposure and outcome. A problem is that, without being appropriately tested in well designed prospective research, the hygiene hypothesis has currently already become so popular in the news media that an increased occurrence of asthma might even be induced as a result of an increased exposure. Although the currently available evidence to support the hygiene hypothesis is poor, it appears that the hypothesis has to some become a matter of faith or ideology. Scientists should take care that messages imparted to the general public do not go beyond or conflict with existing evidence. © 2004 General Practice Airways Group. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.General practitioners and other health care providers are in receipt of conflicting information on the pathopysiology of allergy (and asthma), especially in relation to the hygiene hypothesis. It is difficult for these health care professionals to translate this information into practical advice for their patients who want to know how to avoid the development of these diseases in their children. 1

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Does early exposure to cat or dog protect against later allergy development?

Abstract: Pet exposure during the first year of life and increasing number of siblings were both associated with a lower prevalence of allergic rhinitis and asthma in school children.

Cited by 472 publications

References 23 publications

Asthma and atopy – the price of affluence?

Asthma and atopy – the price of affluence?

Expressing urine from a gel disposable diaper for biomonitoring using phthalates as an example

No clinical evidence base to support the hygiene hypothesis

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