Does Early Physical Maturity Influence Breast Cancer Risk?

Stoll, Basil A.; Vatten, Lars J.; Kvinnsland, Stener

doi:10.3109/02841869409098400

Cited by 56 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…In addition, menstrual onset occurs downstream of a cascade of endocrine changes including increased secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), growth hormone (GH), and insulin [17,18]. Because many predictors of age at menarche often covary with socioeconomic settings (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Socioeconomic status in relation to early menarche among black and white girls

Braithwaite

Moore

Lustig

et al. 2008

Cancer Causes Control

116

102

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Objective Early menarche is a risk factor for breast cancer. We investigated the variation in age at menarche by socioeconomic status (SES) and race. Methods A cohort study was conducted on 1,091 black and 986 white girls from the three sites in the United States as part of the NHLBI Growth and Health Study (NGHS), who were aged 9-10 years at baseline and followed through adolescence over a 10-year period with annual exams. Using logistic regression models, we evaluated the nature and strength of associations between two socioeconomic indicators (household income and parental education) and early menarche (\12 years old) unadjusted and adjusted for anthropometry and maternal age at menarche. Results Proportionately, more black girls were menarcheal before 12 years of age compared to their white counterparts (46%, n = 468 vs. 26%, n = 240, respectively, p \ 0.0001). Parental education was not a significant predictor of early menarche. The graded association between household income and age at menarche was strong and significant among black girls but less clear among white girls. Compared with those in the lowest quartile of household income, white girls in the highest quartile were at a significantly lower risk of early menarche [adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 0.37, 95% confidence intervals (CIs) 0.18-0.80]. The inverse was true for black girls: those in the highest quartile of household income were at an increased risk of early menarche (adjusted OR = 2.15, 95% CI 1.27-3.63) Conclusion The SES factor selected (household income versus parental education) affected the findings regarding racial differences in the timing of menarche. It will be important for future studies to elucidate the link between household income and age at menarche in developed countries.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Socioeconomic status in relation to early menarche among black and white girls

Braithwaite

Moore

Lustig

et al. 2008

Cancer Causes Control

116

102

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“…Previous authors had reported the association with birth weight, and this association, unlikely as it seemed initially, is now well established. 45 This, and links to body size and childhood growth, 46 direct suspicion toward etiologic factors associated with growth in early childhood as well as in intra-uterine life. They need to be explored further.…”

Section: Early Lifementioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology and the causes of breast cancer

MacMahon

2006

Intl Journal of Cancer

110

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This article describes the characteristics of 3 dominant features of breast cancer epidemiology. These characteristics include the association of disease risk with childbearing, its relationship to ovarian activity and its international variation (particularly as the latter differs in the years before and after menopause). Equivocal tests of one hypothesis that reconciled some of these features through variations in levels of the fractions of estrogen are described. Other hypotheses with a similar objective are needed. The 3 known causes of human breast cancer, ionizing radiation, exogenous ovarian hormones and beverage alcohol, offer some preventive possibilities but do little to explain the epidemiologic features of the majority of cases of the disease that occur in their absence. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

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“…16,17) According to this hypothesis, the previously reported positive association between estradiol concentration and breast cancer risk factors, such as obesity and fat intake, may be explained by the influence of hyperinsulinemia on serum estrogen concentrations.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…15) These observations led to the hypothesis that hyperinsulinemia or insulin resistance rather than estrogen profile may be a link between breast cancer risk factors and breast cancer. 16,17) According to this hypothesis, the previously reported positive association between estradiol concentration and breast cancer risk factors, such as obesity and fat intake, may be explained by the influence of hyperinsulinemia on serum estrogen concentrations. 18) Therefore, we evaluated the relationships between insulin resistance and potential breast cancer risk factors in postmenopausal women and examined whether insulin resistance confounds any observed relations between estrogen status and potential breast cancer risk factors.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Relations of Insulin Resistance and Serum Concentrations of Estradiol and Sex Hormone‐binding Globulin to Potential Breast Cancer Risk Factors

Nagata

Shimizu

Takami

et al. 2000

Japanese Journal of Cancer Research

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There is a hypothesis that hyperinsulinemia or insulin resistance may be a mediator for breast cancer risk factors. On the other hand, some, but not all, of the well-known risk factors of breast cancer have been associated with serum estrogen concentrations. We assessed the relationships of potential breast cancer risk factors to indicators of insulin resistance, fasting plasma insulin concentration and homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-R), in 88 postmenopausal Japanese women. We also examined whether insulin resistance would explain the association of breast cancer risk factors with serum estradiol and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG). Information on potential breast cancer risk factors, such as demographic characteristics, smoking and drinking habits, diet, exercise, menstrual and reproductive factors, was obtained by self-administered health questionnaire including a validated semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. 1) Positive association between serum estradiol and breast cancer risk has been confirmed in postmenopausal women.2, 3) The known breast cancer risk factors such as age at menarche, nulliparity, and obesity may be mediated by an estrogen mechanism. Therefore, the relationships between estrogen profile and some of the breast cancer risk factors have been investigated, but the results are inconsistent. [4][5][6][7][8] Recent epidemiological studies showed that high serum C-peptide, a peripheral marker of insulin secretion, or plasma fasting insulin level was significantly associated with risk of breast cancer.9, 10) Insulin promotes the growth of rat mammary carcinoma cells.11) Hyperinsulinemia may be a significant risk factor for breast cancer. Obesity, a well-known risk factor of postmenopausal breast cancer was accompanied by hyperinsulinemia. 12, 13) Dietary fat, a suspected breast cancer risk factor, was associated with blood insulin concentration. 13,14) Fat intake modified the binding of insulin receptors and the rate of insulin-stimulated glucose transport.15) These observations led to the hypothesis that hyperinsulinemia or insulin resistance rather than estrogen profile may be a link between breast cancer risk factors and breast cancer. 16,17) According to this hypothesis, the previously reported positive association between estradiol concentration and breast cancer risk factors, such as obesity and fat intake, may be explained by the influence of hyperinsulinemia on serum estrogen concentrations.18) Therefore, we evaluated the relationships between insulin resistance and potential breast cancer risk factors in postmenopausal women and examined whether insulin resistance confounds any observed relations between estrogen status and potential breast cancer risk factors. MATERIALS AND METHODSWe focused on women who were postmenopausal, defined as cessation of menses for 12 or more months, among the participants in the health check-up program provided by a general hospital in Gifu.19) A total of 103 postmenopausal women agreed to participate in the present study a...

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Does Early Physical Maturity Influence Breast Cancer Risk?

Cited by 56 publications

References 42 publications

Socioeconomic status in relation to early menarche among black and white girls

Socioeconomic status in relation to early menarche among black and white girls

Epidemiology and the causes of breast cancer

Relations of Insulin Resistance and Serum Concentrations of Estradiol and Sex Hormone‐binding Globulin to Potential Breast Cancer Risk Factors

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