Does educational expansion encourage female workforce participation? A study of the 1968 reform in Taiwan

Tsai, Wehn-Jyuan; Liu, Jin‐Tan; Thornton, Robert J.

doi:10.1016/j.econedurev.2008.03.006

Cited by 15 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…To accommodate the expected increase in enrollment in junior high schools, the government opened 150 new junior high schools, an increase of almost 50 percent, at the beginning of the school year 1968–69 (September 1, 1968). This education reform created the largest expansion in junior high school construction and student enrollment in Taiwan’s history (Diana E. Clark and Chang-Tai Hsieh 2000; Chris A. Spohr 2000, 2003; When-Jyuan Tsai 2007a, 2007b; and the sources listed in Table 1). …”

Section: Education Reform In Taiwanmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The factors responsible for this lagged response to the legislation are unclear, but candidates include lack of enforcement and capacity constraints. Moreover, while enrollment in junior high school was mandatory as of September 1, 1968, attendance was not compulsory until May 12, 1982 (Tsai 2007a). These factors highlight an identification strategy that takes account of program intensity in the year in which each treatment cohort enters junior high school as well as treatment status.…”

Section: Empirical Implementationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Parental Education and Child Health: Evidence from a Natural Experiment in Taiwan

Chou

Liu

Grossman

et al. 2010

American Economic Journal: Applied Economics

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177

117

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In 1968, the Taiwanese government extended compulsory education from six to nine years and opened over 150 new junior high schools at a differential rate among regions. Within each region, we exploit variations across cohorts in new junior high school openings to construct an instrument for schooling and employ it to estimate the causal effects of mother’s or father’s schooling on infant birth outcomes in the years 1978–1999. Parents’ schooling does indeed cause favorable infant health outcomes. The increase in schooling associated with the reform saved almost 1 infant life in 1,000 live births. “The one social factor that researchers agree is consistently linked to longer lives in every country where it has been studied is education. It is more important than race; it obliterates any effects of income.” Gina Kolata, “A Surprising Secret to Long Life: Stay in School,”New York Times, January 3, 2007, p. 1.

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Section: Education Reform In Taiwanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Empirical Implementationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parental Education and Child Health: Evidence from a Natural Experiment in Taiwan

Chou

Liu

Grossman

et al. 2010

American Economic Journal: Applied Economics

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177

117

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“…An exception is Taiwan's 1968 education reform, which increased tuition-free compulsory schooling from 6 to 9 years. Spohr (2003) finds the initial effect of the reform to be smaller for girls than for boys, while in a later study, Tsai et al (2009) find a reduction in the gender schooling gap due to the policy. Although there is a much wider literature on the effects of compulsory schooling on education in developed countries, this literature does not investigate whether there is a differential policy effect across various subpopulations presumably because, unlike it is in Turkey, compliance with the policy is generally very high and there are no strong policy spillover effects on the post-compulsory schooling years in these countries.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does Longer Compulsory Education Equalize Schooling by Gender and Rural/Urban Residence?

Kïrdar¹,

Dayıoğlu²,

Koç³

2015

Policy Research Working Papers

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Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen:Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden.Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen.Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. www.econstor.eu This study examines the effects of the extension of compulsory schooling from 5 to 8 years in Turkey in 1997 -which involved substantial investment in school infrastructure -on schooling outcomes and, in particular, on the equality of these outcomes between men and women, and urban and rural residents using the Turkish Demographic and Health Surveys. This policy is peculiar because it also changes the sheepskin effects (signaling effects) of schooling, through its redefinition of the schooling tiers. The policy is also interesting due to its large spillover effects on post-compulsory schooling as well as its remarkable overall effect; for instance, we find that the completed years of schooling by age 17 increases by 1.5 years for rural women. The policy equalizes the educational attainment of urban and rural children substantially. The urban-rural gap in the completed years of schooling at age 17 falls by 0.5 years for men and by 0.7 to 0.8 years for women. However, there is no evidence of a narrowing gender gap with the policy. On the contrary, the gender gap in urban areas in postcompulsory schooling widens. The findings suggest that stronger sheepskin effects for men, resulting from their much higher labor-force participation rate, bring about this widening gender gap. Terms of use: Documents in D I S C U S S I O N P A P E R S E R I E SJEL Classification: I21, I24, I28, J15, J16

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“…In summary, the majority of the studies reviewed conclude that schooling causes health and that the IV effects are at least as large as the TSLS effects. Only three of these studies, however, deal with children's health, and only the one by Breierova and Duflo (2004) This education reform created the largest expansion in junior high school construction and student enrollment in Taiwan's history (Tsai 2007a(Tsai , 2007b and the sources listed in Table 1).…”

Section: Analytical Framework and Review Of Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…This was due to lagged responses to the legislation and lack of enforcement. Moreover, while enrollment in junior high school was mandatory as of September 1, 1968, attendance was not compulsory until May 12, 1982 (Tsai 2007a). These factors highlight an identification strategy that takes account of program intensity as well as treatment status.…”

Section: Analytical Framework and Review Of Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

5. Parental Education and Child Health

Liu¹,

Grossman²,

Joyce³

2017

Determinants of Health

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This paper exploits a natural experiment to estimate the causal impact of parental education on child health in Taiwan. In 1968, the Taiwanese government extended compulsory education from six to nine years. From that year through 1973, the government opened 254 new junior high schools, an 80 percent increase, at a differential rate among regions. We form treatment and control groups of women or men who were age 12 or under on the one hand and between the ages of 13 and 20 or 25 on the other hand in 1968. Within each region, we exploit variations across cohorts in new junior high school openings to construct an instrument for schooling. We employ this instrument to estimate the causal effects of mother's or father's schooling on the incidence of low birthweight and mortality of infants born to women in the treatment and control groups or the wives of men in these groups in the period from 1978 through 1999. Parents' schooling, especially mother's schooling, does indeed cause favorable infant health outcomes. The increase in schooling associated with the reform saved almost 1 infant life in 1,000 live births, resulting in a decline in infant mortality of approximately 11 percent.

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Does educational expansion encourage female workforce participation? A study of the 1968 reform in Taiwan

Cited by 15 publications

References 15 publications

Parental Education and Child Health: Evidence from a Natural Experiment in Taiwan

Parental Education and Child Health: Evidence from a Natural Experiment in Taiwan

Does Longer Compulsory Education Equalize Schooling by Gender and Rural/Urban Residence?

5. Parental Education and Child Health

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