Does "Enemy-Free Space" Exist? Experimental Host Shifts of an Herbivorous Fly

Gratton, Claudio; Welter, Stephen C.

doi:10.2307/177016

Cited by 51 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Only three studies have satisfactorily established the occurrence of EFS, but they have been agricultural systems (22,23) or artificial host shifts (24). Other studies suggest EFS but did not satisfy all three of the hypotheses proposed by Berdegue et al (12,18,(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30).…”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 97%

Enemy-free space maintains swallowtail butterfly host shift

Murphy

2004

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

164

178

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Natural enemies can be significant sources of mortality for herbivorous insects and therefore important agents of natural selection. One might expect selection to favor herbivores that escape from their natural enemies into enemy-free space. Although this is an appealing idea, it has received little empirical support, and no studies have documented enemy-free space as part of a nonagricultural, nonartificial host shift. The Alaskan swallowtail butterfly, Papilio machaon aliaska, uses as host plants a species in the family Apiaceae (Cnidium cnidiifolium) along with two Asteraceae species (Artemisia arctica and Petasites frigidus). I analyzed growth and survival of P. m. aliaska larvae in the field on the three host plants in treatments that either exposed or protected them from predators. I found that, in the presence of predators, larval survival is greater on the novel hosts (Asteraceae) than on the ancestral host (Apiaceae), but that in the absence of predators survival and growth are greater on the ancestral host. These results are a demonstration of enemy-free space as a mechanism for maintaining a naturally occurring host shift.Papilio machaon aliaska ͉ Lepidoptera ͉ predation ͉ Formica podzolica S wallowtail butterflies from the Papilio machaon (Linnaeus) group use plants of the Apiaceae as their primary hosts (1-4). Behavioral and metabolic constraints evidently limit potential opportunities to switch to other co-occurring plant species (5). Apart from the occasional use of plants in the family Rutaceae, an ancestral host family for the genus Papilio (2), P. machaon swallowtails have rarely incorporated nonapiaceous plants into their diet. In Alaska and northwestern Canada, P. m. aliaska Scudder oviposits and feeds not only on the local apiaceous host, Cnidium cnidiifolium (Turczaninow) Schischkin, but also on Artemisia arctica Lessing and Petasites frigidus (Linnaeus) Franchet (6) in the distantly related family Asteraceae. This host-range expansion by P. m. aliaska appears to represent an intermediate step toward a complete host shift. There is at least one example of a species in the P. machaon group that is now restricted to the novel host genus Artemisia (2); Papilio oregonius Edwards, a close relative of P. m. aliaska (2), is monophagous on Artemisia dracunculus Linnaeus (7). It is unclear, however, whether P. m. aliaska and P. oregonius represent a single host shift or two independent host shifts to Artemisia.The P. m. aliaska system presents an ideal opportunity to examine the role of enemy-free space (EFS) in a naturally occurring host shift. Other swallowtail larvae are subject to attack by a range of invertebrate and vertebrate predators (8, 9); my observations over the past 5 years of P. m. aliaska near Fairbanks, AK, suggest that the two most important larval predators are Formica podzolica Francoeur, an ant species that is widely distributed throughout North America (10), and the ichneumonid parasitoid Trogus lapidator panzeri Carlson. Jeffries and Lawton (11) defined EFS as ''ways of living...

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Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 97%

Enemy-free space maintains swallowtail butterfly host shift

Murphy

2004

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

164

178

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“…The differential ability of plants to attract natural enemies may even be responsible for further dietary specialization of herbivores exploiting specific plant taxa like the Cruciferae (Yano, 1994). For example, opposing choices at the plant-level could benefit the herbivore and lead to enemy-free space shaping host-parasitoid interactions (Fox and Morrow, 1981;Fox and Eisenbach, 1992;Bigger and Fox, 1997;Gratton and Welter, 1999;Oppenheim and Gould, 2002). If host-parasitoid interactions in ecosystems are to be understood, foraging behavior of parasitoids must be studied in relation to inter-and intraspecific variation in plant-derived infochemicals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variation In Plant Volatiles and Attraction Of The ParasitoidDiadegma semiclausum(Hellén)

et al. 2005

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Abstract-Differences in allelochemistry of plants may influence their ability to attract parasitoids. We studied responses of Diadegma semiclausum (Hellén), a parasitoid of the diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella L.), to inter-and intraspecific variation in odor blends of crucifers and a non-crucifer species. Uninfested Brussels sprout (Brassica oleracea L. gemmifera), white mustard (Sinapis alba L.), a feral Brassica oleracea, and malting barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) were compared for their attractivity to D. semiclausum in a Y-tube bioassay. Odors from all plants were more attractive to the parasitoid than clean air. However, tested against each other, parasitoids preferred the volatile blend from the three cruciferous species over that of malting barley. Wasps also discriminated between uninfested crucifers: mustard was as attractive as feral B. oleracea, and both were more attractive than Brussels sprout. Attractivity of uninfested plants was compared with that of plants infested by larvae of the host P. xylostella. Host-infested mustard and Brussels sprout were more attractive than uninfested conspecifics. Interestingly, the volatile blends of uninfested white mustard and infested Brussels sprout were equally attractive. We also compared the volatile composition of different plant sources by collecting headspace samples and analysing them with GC-MS. Similarities of volatile profiles were determined by hierarchic clustering and non-metric scaling based on the Horn-index. Due to the absence of several compounds in its blend, the volatile profile of barley showed dissimilarities from blends of crucifers. The odor profile of white mustard was distinctly different from the two Brassicaceae. * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: tibor.bukovinszky@wur.nl Feral Brassica oleracea odor profile was different from infested Brussels sprout, but showed overlap with uninfested Brussels sprout. Odor blends from infested and uninfested Brussels sprout were similar, and mainly quantitative differences were found. D. semiclausum appears to discriminate based on subtle differences in volatile composition of odor blends from infested and uninfested plants.

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“…Households provided a cold-free space for this species (and possibly an enemy-free space), which has allowed geographical extension to the northern part of North America and contributed the invasive success of H. axyridis. Indeed the success of H. axyridis may be partly linked to the enemy release hypothesis (the potential invader is successful because of the inefficacy of natural enemies in the new area) (Gratton and Welter 1999;Keane and Crawley 2002;Stastny et al 2005;Halpern and Underwood 2006). An invasive species in a new region is hypothesised to experience a decrease in regulation by natural enemies, resulting in an increase in distribution and abundance (Keane and Crawley 2002).…”

Section: Harmonia Axyridis: a Super Invader?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Harmonia axyridis: What will stop the invader?

Soares

Borges

et al.

From Biological Control to Invasion: The Ladybird Harmonia Axyridis as a Model Species

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In recent years Harmonia axyridis (Pallas, 1773) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) has become a very popular insect among biological control practitioners and scientists, not only for its potential to be an efficient biological control agent but also because it is considered invasive. Individuals of this species were deliberately introduced into several countries for biological control of different arthropods pests. However the predator itself became an invasive species, affecting the dynamics and composition of several guilds through direct or indirect interactions with established species, including intraguild predation. In this paper we discuss the reasons why the species has a high invasiveness and what are the limits to invasion by this species. It is not clear if the invasiveness of the beetle is linked to its biological, ecological and behavioural abilities, or to other factors such as invasibility and interactions between the invaders, the noninvaders, and the habitat, which may in part explain the reasons of its success and help us to answer the question ''what will stop the invader?'' We also discuss the reason for the absence of the predator in the Azores islands. Despite the intentional introduction of H. axyridis in the Azores and the high number of individuals released, there are no records of this species in the wild, despite recent extensive sampling effort. In this paper we discuss the reasons for the apparent failure or the delay in establishment of the predator. One factor which may hamper the establishment of H. axyridis in some of the Azores islands is the absence of winter

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Does "Enemy-Free Space" Exist? Experimental Host Shifts of an Herbivorous Fly

Cited by 51 publications

References 36 publications

Enemy-free space maintains swallowtail butterfly host shift

Enemy-free space maintains swallowtail butterfly host shift

Variation In Plant Volatiles and Attraction Of The ParasitoidDiadegma semiclausum(Hellén)

Harmonia axyridis: What will stop the invader?

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