“…Intense research has improved our understanding of the roles of DPP-4 activity. However, the studies performed so far have only considered the DPP-4 activity of human cells without taking into account that certain fungi and bacteria, part of the human-associated microbial communities, can also exhibit this enzymatic activity (Wallace et al, 1997 ; Matos et al, 1998 ; Varmanen et al, 2000 ; Goldstein et al, 2001 ; Sanz and Toldra, 2001 ; Anastasiou et al, 2002 ; Glaser et al, 2002 ; Shibata et al, 2003 ; Walker et al, 2003 ; Cooper and Woods, 2009 ; Stressler et al, 2013 ; Fteita et al, 2015 , 2017 ; Üstün-Aytekin et al, 2016 ). Only one study has tackled this issue when describing that the DPP-4 activity of the fungus Blastomyces dermatitidis , an opportunistic pathogen that can colonize the lungs, cleaves chemokines with deleterious consequences for local infection (Sterkel et al, 2016 ).…”