“…Finkelhor & Turner, 2009;Stoltenborgh et al, 2014). However, since perception of maltreatment is subjective, therefore differing across cultural, racial, ethnic backgrounds, and developmental stages (Ashton, 2010;Shanalingigwa, 2009), it is of particular interest to broaden the understanding of perceptions of maltreatment among adults and youth. For example, Saifan, Alrimawi, and Bashayreh (2015), who examined Palestinian nurses' perceptions of child maltreatment, reported that most nurses did not know how to handle with child abuse survivors effectively and found it hard to differentiate between violent physical and psychological disciplinary practices and child abuse.…”