Does exposure to cigarette brands increase the likelihood of adolescent e-cigarette use? A cross-sectional study

Best, Catherine; Sluijs, Winfried van der; Haseen, Farhana; Eadie, Douglas; Stead, Martine; MacKintosh, Anne Marie; Pearce, Jamie; Tisch, Catherine; MacGregor, Andy; Amos, Amanda; Miller, Martine; Frank, John; Haw, Sally

doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008734

Cited by 9 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…334,336,377,458 Awareness of ENDS has increased in other countries over time. 326,333,337,356,359,369,374,380,381,396,414,451,452,460,475,483,494 …”

Section: Evidence Synthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Overview of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems: A Systematic Review

Glasser

Collins

Pearson

et al. 2017

American Journal of Preventive Medicine

420

332

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Context Rapid developments in e-cigarettes, or electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), and the evolution of the overall tobacco product marketplace warrant frequent evaluation of the published literature. The purpose of this article is to report updated findings from a comprehensive review of the published scientific literature on ENDS. Evidence acquisition The authors conducted a systematic review of published empirical research literature on ENDS through May 31, 2016, using a detailed search strategy in the PubMed electronic database, expert review, and additional targeted searches. Included studies presented empirical findings and were coded to at least one of nine topics: (1) Product Features; (2) Health Effects; (3) Consumer Perceptions; (4) Patterns of Use; (5) Potential to Induce Dependence; (6) Smoking Cessation; (7) Marketing and Communication; (8) Sales; and (9) Policies; reviews and commentaries were excluded. Data from included studies were extracted by multiple coders (October 2015 to August 2016) into a standardized form and synthesized qualitatively by topic. Evidence synthesis There were 686 articles included in this systematic review. The majority of studies assessed patterns of ENDS use and consumer perceptions of ENDS, followed by studies examining health effects of vaping and product features. Conclusions Studies indicate that ENDS are increasing in use, particularly among current smokers, pose substantially less harm to smokers than cigarettes, are being used to reduce/quit smoking, and are widely available. More longitudinal studies and controlled trials are needed to evaluate the impact of ENDS on population-level tobacco use and determine the health effects of longer-term vaping.

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“…334,336,377,458 Awareness of ENDS has increased in other countries over time. 326,333,337,356,359,369,374,380,381,396,414,451,452,460,475,483,494 …”

Section: Evidence Synthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Overview of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems: A Systematic Review

Glasser

Collins

Pearson

et al. 2017

American Journal of Preventive Medicine

420

332

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“…ECIGs as a potential gateway to smoking Quite a few studies have investigated whether ECIG use is associated with the later use of more harmful tobacco products, such as cigarettes; most of them were conducted in the USA or the UK. Several mostly cross-sectional studies found higher susceptibility to trying cigarettes among adolescent or young adult ECIG users who had never smoked cigarettes [235,[254][255][256][257][258], while others found tobacco use to be a predictor of intention to use ECIGs [259,260]. Several cross-sectional studies found an association between ECIG use and smoking [260][261][262][263][264][265][266].…”

Section: Does Ecig Use Deter Smoking Cessation?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several mostly cross-sectional studies found higher susceptibility to trying cigarettes among adolescent or young adult ECIG users who had never smoked cigarettes [235,[254][255][256][257][258], while others found tobacco use to be a predictor of intention to use ECIGs [259,260]. Several cross-sectional studies found an association between ECIG use and smoking [260][261][262][263][264][265][266]. One study suggested that ECIG use leads to tobacco smoking [261], while others indicate that tobacco use is a risk factor for ECIG use [260,262,263,266].…”

Section: Does Ecig Use Deter Smoking Cessation?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several cross-sectional studies found an association between ECIG use and smoking [260][261][262][263][264][265][266]. One study suggested that ECIG use leads to tobacco smoking [261], while others indicate that tobacco use is a risk factor for ECIG use [260,262,263,266]. One study did not support an association between ECIG and cigarette use [267].…”

Section: Does Ecig Use Deter Smoking Cessation?mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electronic cigarettes: a task force report from the European Respiratory Society

et al. 2019

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There is a marked increase in the development and use of electronic nicotine delivery systems or electronic cigarettes (ECIGs). This statement covers electronic cigarettes (ECIGs), defined as “electrical devices that generate an aerosol from a liquid” and thus excludes devices that contain tobacco. Database searches identified published articles that were used to summarise the current knowledge on the epidemiology of ECIG use; their ingredients and accompanied health effects; second-hand exposure; use of ECIGs for smoking cessation; behavioural aspects of ECIGs and social impact;in vitroand animal studies; and user perspectives.ECIG aerosol contains potentially toxic chemicals. As compared to conventional cigarettes, these are fewer and generally in lower concentrations. Second-hand exposures to ECIG chemicals may represent a potential risk, especially to vulnerable populations. There is not enough scientific evidence to support ECIGs as an aid to smoking cessation due to a lack of controlled trials, including those that compare ECIGs with licenced stop-smoking treatments. So far, there are conflicting data that use of ECIGs results in a renormalisation of smoking behaviour or for the gateway hypothesis. Experiments in cell cultures and animal studies show that ECIGs can have multiple negative effects. The long-term effects of ECIG use are unknown, and there is therefore no evidence that ECIGs are safer than tobacco in the long term. Based on current knowledge, negative health effects cannot be ruled out.

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“…In youths, use of e-cigarettes ("vaping") has increased considerably in recent years in many countries (e.g. [1][2][3]). It is generally recognized that vaping significantly reduces exposure to harmful constituents compared to smoking [4], so one might expect risks from vaping to be much lower [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Further investigations of gateway effects using the PATH study

Lee¹,

Fry²

2020

Preprint

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Background: Considerable interest exists in whether e-cigarette use (“vaping”) by youths increases the risk of initiating cigarette smoking. Based on Waves 1 and 2 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health study we reported that adjustment for propensity for vaping using Wave 1 variables explained about 80% of the unadjusted relationship. This analysis may be over-adjusted had vaping at Wave 1 affected some variables recorded then. Here we present analyses using Waves 1 to 3 to avoid this possibility. Methods: Our main analysis M1 concerned those who had never smoked by Wave 2 and never vaped by Wave 1. Wave 2 vaping was linked to smoking initiation by Wave 3, adjusting for Wave 1 predictors. Sensitivity analyses excluded other tobacco product users at Wave 1, included other tobacco product use as an additional predictor, or were based on propensity for ever smoking or ever any tobacco use, rather than ever vaping. Other analyses adjusted for propensity as derived originally, or ignored Wave 1 data. Other analyses used grouped age (only available originally) or exact age (available now) as a confounder variable, attempted residual confounding adjustment by modifying values of predictor variables using data later recorded, or considered interactions with age. Results: In M1, propensity adjustment removed about 50% of the excess odds ratio (i.e. OR–1), the unadjusted OR, 5.60 (95% CI 4.52-6.93) becoming 3.37 (2.65-4.28), 3.11 (2.47-3.92) or 3.27 (2.57-4.16) depending whether adjustment was for propensity as a continuous variable, as quintiles, or for the 16 variables making up the propensity score. Many factors studied hardly affected the results, including using grouped or exact age, consideration of other tobacco products, including interactions, or using predictors of smoking or tobacco use rather than vaping. The clearest conclusion was that analyses avoiding over-adjustment only explained about 50% of the excess OR whereas analyses subject to over-adjustment explained about 80%. Conclusions: Although much of the unadjusted gateway effect results from uncontrolled confounding, our current analysis provides stronger evidence of a causal effect of vaping than did our earlier analysis. However, some doubts remain about the completeness of confounder adjustment.

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Does exposure to cigarette brands increase the likelihood of adolescent e-cigarette use? A cross-sectional study

Cited by 9 publications

References 25 publications

Overview of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems: A Systematic Review

Overview of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems: A Systematic Review

Electronic cigarettes: a task force report from the European Respiratory Society

Further investigations of gateway effects using the PATH study

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