Importance
Medication non-adherence, which has been estimated to affect 28-31% of US patients with hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes, may be improved by electronic medication packaging (EMP) devices.
Objective
To investigate whether EMP devices are associated with improved adherence and to identify and describe common features of EMP devices.
Evidence Acquisition
We systematically reviewed peer-reviewed studies testing the effectiveness of EMP systems in the MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts databases from searches conducted to June 13, 2014. We extracted the associations between the interventions and adherence, as well as other key findings. We assessed each study for bias using the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. We qualitatively assessed features of EMP devices and interventions.
Results
37 studies (32 randomized and 5 non-randomized) including 4,326 patients met review criteria: 10 patient-interface-only “simple” interventions and 29 “complex” interventions integrated into the health care system (2 qualified for both categories). Overall, the effect estimates for mean adherence ranged from -2.9 to 34.0% and the effect estimates for the proportion of patients defined as adherent ranged from -8.0 to 49.5%. We identified 5 common EMP characteristics: recording dosing events and storing a record of adherence, audiovisual reminders to cue dosing, digital displays, real-time monitoring, and providing patients with adherence performance feedback.
Conclusion and Relevance
Many varieties of EMP exist. However, data supporting their use are limited, with variability in the quality of studies testing EMP devices and evidence of reporting bias. Devices that are integrated into the care delivery system and that are designed to record dosing events are most frequently associated with improved adherence. Higher quality evidence is needed to determine the effect, if any, of these low cost interventions on medication nonadherence and to identify their most useful components.