“…Theory of planned behavior 8 10 (Adil et al, 2022a(Adil et al, , 2022bAdil et al, 2023;Indapurkar & Raj, 2017;Mudzingiri et al, 2018;Omakhanlen et al, 2021;Robb, 2011;Yong et al, 2018) Life-cycle theory of consumption and savings 3 4 (Adam et al, 2017;Landerretche & Martínez, 2013;Xiao & Porto, 2017) Prospect theory 5 6 (Adam et al, 2017;Jonsson et al, 2017;Rasool & Ullah, 2020) Behavioral finance theory 3 4 (Khandelwal et al, 2022;Youssef et al, 2021;Zhang et al, 2023) Modern portfolio theory 4 5 (Markowitz, 1999;Mouna & Anis, 2017;Murendo & Mutsonziwa, 2017;Rasool & Ullah, 2020) Economic theory 4 5 (Gaudecker, 2015;Grohmann, 2018;Wagner & Walstad, 2019) Efficient market/capital market theory 3 4 (Adil et al, 2022a(Adil et al, , 2022bAdil et al, 2023;Rasool & Ullah, 2020) Other theories 8 10 ( Awais et al, 2016;Kim et al, 2019;Mireku et al, 2023;Shih & Ke, 2014) No guiding theory 41 52 financial education has a positive impact on financial knowledge, which, in turn, significantly predicts both financial attitude and behavior. Omakhanlen et al (2021) have utilized the Planned Behavior Theory (PBT) as a theoretical framework to measure spending behavior, employing the respondents' preparation of budgets and personal preretirement savings accounts as proxies.…”