“…These costs could be costs to liquidate assets or raise funds from the capital market (Han & Qiu, 2007;Akhtar et al, 2018;Dimitropoulos et al, 2020). Then managers have motives to hold excess cash to make their payments and finance growth opportunities at a lower cost (Myers & Majluf, 1984;Karpuz, Kim, & Ozkan, 2020). Another motive is the precautionary motive which is regarded as a hedge against possible cash shortages (Lins, Servaes, & Tufano, 2010;Clarkson, Gao, & Herbohn, 2020).…”