Does High Self-Esteem Cause Better Performance, Interpersonal Success, Happiness, or Healthier Lifestyles?

Baumeister, Roy F.; Campbell, Jennifer D.; Krueger, Joachim I.; Vohs, Kathleen D.

doi:10.1111/1529-1006.01431

Cited by 2,837 publications

(2,497 citation statements)

References 197 publications

(266 reference statements)

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“…Several previous studies have shown that low self-esteem is a particular risk factor for distress (namely depression) when also accompanied by a self-blaming attributional style [9]. More specifically then, our findings support the idea that in the context of a self-accepting dialogue, modifying negative and discrepant selfevaluations and, therefore, reducing cognitive dissonance or stabilizing one's self-image might represent mechanisms of change in these approaches.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

“…One hypothesis is that low SE creates vulnerability to stress (e.g., [8]). Although SE has been criticized for not consistently moderating the impact of daily hassles on mood, it has been shown to significantly lessen the impact of such stressors on physical symptoms [9]. Self-esteem has also been found to mediate the relationship between insecure attachment and PTSD symptomatology in survivors of interpersonal trauma, emotional abuse, and psychopathology [10] and [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Implicit and explicit self-esteem discrepancies in people with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures

Dimaro

Roberts

Moghaddam

et al. 2015

Epilepsy & Behavior

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Purpose: Self-esteem (SE), or one's sense of competence and worth, is reduced in many mental and physical\ud disorders. Low SE is associated with perceived stigma and disability and poor treatment outcomes. The present\ud study examined implicit and explicit SE (automatic and deliberate views about the self) in people with epilepsy\ud and people with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNESs). Discrepancies between implicit SE and explicit SE\ud have been found to correlate with psychological distress in disorders often associated with PNESs but are\ud relatively unexplored in PNESs. We hypothesized that, compared with epilepsy, PNESs would be associated\ud with lower self-reported SE and greater discrepancies between implicit SE and explicit SE.\ud Methods: Thirty adults with PNESs, 25 adults with epilepsy, and 31 controls without a history of seizures were\ud asked to complete the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale as a measure of explicit SE and an Implicit Relational\ud Assessment Procedure as a measure of implicit SE. The State–Trait Anxiety Inventory and Patient Health\ud Questionnaire—15 (a somatic symptom inventory) were also administered.\ud Results: We found significant group differences in explicit (p b 0.001) but not implicit SE. Patients with PNESs\ud reported lower SE than the other groups. No group differences were found in implicit SE. Implicit–explicit SE\ud discrepancies were larger in the group with PNESs than in the other groups (p b 0.001). Higher frequency of\ud PNESs (but not epileptic seizures) was associatedwith lower explicit SE (rs=−.83, p b 0.01) and greater SE discrepancies\ud (i.e., lower explicit relative to implicit SE; rs = .65, p b 0.01). These relationships remained significant\ud when controlling for anxiety and somatization.\ud Conclusion: Patients with PNESs had lower explicit SE than those with epilepsy or healthy controls. In keeping\ud with our expectations, there were greater discrepancies between implicit SE and explicit SE among patients\ud with PNESs than in the other groups. Our results, including the strong relationship between PNES frequency,\ud anxiety, and explicit–implicit SE discrepancies, support the interpretation that PNESs serve to reduce cognitive\ud dissonance, perhaps protecting patients' implicit SE

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implicit and explicit self-esteem discrepancies in people with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures

Dimaro

Roberts

Moghaddam

et al. 2015

Epilepsy & Behavior

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“…Although we found a small but significant correlation between education and self‐esteem (cf. Baumeister et al, 2003), self‐esteem was uncorrelated with belief in conspiracy theories (Table 1). Indeed, we note that the relationship between self‐esteem and belief in conspiracy theories does not replicate in all studies (Swami, 2012).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…The relationship between self‐esteem and education—although often smaller than anticipated—appears robust across empirical studies, and the evidence suggests that this relationship is primarily due to educational performance influencing self‐esteem rather than vice versa (for an overview, see Baumeister, Campbell, Krueger, & Vohs, 2003). Consistently, students largely base their self‐esteem on their academic successes and failures (Crocker, Sommers, & Luhtanen, 2002).…”

Section: Mediators Of the Education–conspiracy Linkmentioning

confidence: 96%

Why Education Predicts Decreased Belief in Conspiracy Theories

Prooijen

2016

Applied Cognitive Psychology

359

260

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SummaryPeople with high education are less likely than people with low education to believe in conspiracy theories. It is yet unclear why these effects occur, however, as education predicts a range of cognitive, emotional, and social outcomes. The present research sought to identify mediators of the relationship between education and conspiracy beliefs. Results of Study 1 revealed three independent mediators of this relationship, namely, belief in simple solutions for complex problems, feelings of powerlessness, and subjective social class. A nationally representative sample (Study 2) replicated these findings except for subjective social class. Moreover, variations in analytic thinking statistically accounted for the path through belief in simple solutions. I conclude that the relationship between education and conspiracy beliefs cannot be reduced to a single mechanism but is the result of the complex interplay of multiple psychological factors that are associated with education. © 2016 The Authors. Applied Cognitive Psychology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

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“…Although some evidence suggests that selfviews are indeed more accurate (i.e., similar to peers' and teachers' ratings) prior to age 12 than they are in later life (Kenny, 1994), the objective SCs of children are largely unrelated to self-esteem (Baumeister et al, 2003). In contrast to this bottom-up line of thinking, I adopt a top-down account of the association between self-esteem and self-concept.…”

Section: Can a Bottom-up Account Explain These Results?mentioning

confidence: 97%

Social acceptance and self-esteem: Tuning the sociometer to interpersonal value.

Anthony

Holmes

Wood

2007

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

111

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The authors draw on sociometer theory to propose that self-esteem is attuned to traits that garner others' acceptance, and the traits that garner acceptance depend on one's social role. Attunement of self-esteem refers to the linkage, or connection, between self-esteem and specific traits, which may be observed most clearly in the association between self-esteem and specific self-evaluations. In most roles, appearance and popularity determine acceptance, so self-esteem is most attuned to those traits. At the same time, interdependent social roles emphasize the value of communal qualities, so occupants of those roles have self-esteem that is more attuned to communal qualities than is the general norm. To avoid the biases of people's personal theories, the authors assessed attunement of self-esteem to particular traits indirectly via the correlation between self-esteem and self-ratings, cognitive accessibility measures, and an experiment involving social decision making. As hypothesized, self-esteem was generally more attuned to appearances than to communal qualities, but interdependent social roles predicted heightened attunement of self-esteem to qualities like kindness and understanding.

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Does High Self-Esteem Cause Better Performance, Interpersonal Success, Happiness, or Healthier Lifestyles?

Cited by 2,837 publications

References 197 publications

Implicit and explicit self-esteem discrepancies in people with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures

Implicit and explicit self-esteem discrepancies in people with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures

Why Education Predicts Decreased Belief in Conspiracy Theories

Social acceptance and self-esteem: Tuning the sociometer to interpersonal value.

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