Does human papillomavirus cause human colorectal cancer? Applying Bradford Hill criteria postulates

Usman, Muhammad; Hameed, Yasir; Ahmad, Mukhtiar

doi:10.3332/ecancer.2020.1107

Cited by 12 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 74 publications

(158 reference statements)

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“…Regarding the detected genotypes, we confirmed previous findings on Italian population; accordingly, HPV16 was the most frequent one, followed by HPV18 [ 23 ]. Interestingly, the HPV18 was identified almost exclusively in adenocarcinomatous samples, supporting previous findings that infection of cells with a glandular differentiation may play an important role in the adenocarcinoma development [ 32 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…So far, a total of three studies, including a single case–control study, have been reported in Italy to demonstrate the relationship between HPV and CRC. They utilised the PCR technique for the detection of HPV using E6, E7 and L1 region-specific primers and identified HPV positivity with varying frequencies ranging from 15.8 to 33.3% in CRC and 8.8% in normal samples [ 23 ]. The variance observed among these studies could be, at least in part, explained by the heterogeneity of the samples, the detection methods, the geographical differences [ 14 – 16 , 24 – 26 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Immune landscape and oncobiota in HPV-Associated Colorectal Cancer: an explorative study

Ambrosio,

Niccolai,

Petrelli

et al. 2023

Clin Exp Med

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Worldwide more than 550,000 new patients suffering from malignant tumors are associated with human papillomaviruses (HPV) infection. However, only a small portion of patients infected progress to cancer, suggesting that other factors other than HPV may play a role. Some studies have investigated HPV infection in colorectal cancer (CRC) with discordant results; moreover, the role of HPV in CRC development is still unknown. We investigated HPV infection in 50 CRC from different regions, excluding the anal one, by immunohistochemistry (IHC), real-time PCR and RNA-seq. For each patient, we studied the tumor microenvironment in neoplastic and matched non-neoplastic samples, and we compared the tumor-infiltrating immune cell phenotypes among HPV-positive and negative samples. Finally, we compared the CRC-associated microbiota in HPV-positive and negative neoplastic samples by 16S rRNA sequencing. HPV infection was identified in 20% of CRC from the right side (caecum, ascending and transverse colon) and in 40% from the left side (descending colon and rectum). In all HPV-positive CRCs we found no expression of p53 and RB, thus suggesting HPV involvement in tumorigenesis. As far as the tumor microenvironment is concerned, in HPV-related cancers we observed a neoplastic environment with a reduced immune surveillance but an enhanced cytotoxic response by lymphocytes. HPV-positive and -negative CRC showed a different microbiota with lack of species normally found in CRC in the HPV-positive ones. Our results support the carcinogenic significance of HPV in CRC, suggesting a role of HPV in modulating the tumor immune microenvironment.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immune landscape and oncobiota in HPV-Associated Colorectal Cancer: an explorative study

Ambrosio,

Niccolai,

Petrelli

et al. 2023

Clin Exp Med

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“…While the scientific community acknowledges the multifactorial etiology of obesity, discrepancies persist in the weighting of etiological factors contributing to the rise of this disease [ 22 ]. The inconsistencies could be attributed to the dominant model of causality in epidemiology, the Bradford-Hill model [ [23] , [24] , [25] , [26] ], which, although it identifies the etiological factors, limits the estimation of the type of cause and its weight in the etiology of the disease. In 1976, Rothman [ 27 ] proposed an alternative model that addresses this limitation, bridging the gap between the metaphysical notions of cause and fundamental epidemiological parameters [ 28 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%