Does Inflammation Mediate the Association Between Obesity and Insulin Resistance?

Abstract

In adult obesity low-grade systemic inflammation is considered an important step in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance (IR). The association between obesity and inflammation is less well established in adolescents. Here, we ascertain the importance of inflammation in IR among obese adolescents by utilizing either Random Forest (RF) classification or mediation analysis approaches. The inflammation balance score, composed of 8 pro- and anti-inflammatory makers, as well as most of the individual inflammatory markers differed significantly between lean and overweight/obese. In contrast, adiponectin was the only individual marker selected as a predictor of IR by RF, and the balance score only revealed a medium to low importance score. Neither adiponectin nor the inflammation balance score were found to mediate the relationship between obesity and IR. These findings do not support the premise that low grade systemic inflammation is a key for the expression of IR in the human. Prospective longitudinal studies should confirm these findings.

Measurement matters: higher waist-to-hip ratio but not body mass index is associated with deficits in executive functions and episodic memory

“…Our results increase the confidence that continued probing into this area will eventually unearth the specific biological mechanisms that underlie the associations between obesity and episodic memory as well as other aspects of executive function. One candidate mechanism of impaired cognitive function resulting from the accumulation of visceral fat is the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines which can result in insulin resistance and worsen cerebrovascular reactivity ( Adabimohazab et al, 2016 ; Lambert et al, 2015 ; Miller & Spencer, 2014 ). Another possible mechanism for the impairment of cognitive functioning is central and adipose inflammation which plays a significant role in reduced synaptic plasticity ( Erion et al, 2014 ; Willette & Kapogiannis, 2015 ).…”

Low molecular weight galactomannans-based standardized fenugreek seed extract ameliorates high-fat diet-induced obesity in miceviamodulation of FASn, IL-6, leptin, and TRIP-Br2

“…Many studies indicate that inammation occurs due to an imbalance between the pro-and anti-inammatory cytokines that play a vital role in etiopathogenesis in obesity. 93,94 Elevated oxidative stress and impaired blood lipids are responsible for the release of pro-inammatory cytokines (such as TNF-a and ILs) directly into primary adipocytes and macrophages. 95,96 It has been well reported that hypertrophy in adipocyte cells result in macrophage inltration and the increased production of ROS as well as proin-ammatory cytokines in obese conditions; 97,98 thus, several lines of evidence suggest the role of pro-inammatory cytokines in regulating obesity.…”

Correction of metabolic acidosis improves insulin resistance in chronic kidney disease

“…Insulin resistance (or reduced insulin sensitivity) is characterized by suboptimal biological responses of the liver, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue to normal amounts of insulin secreted [ 4 , 5 , 17 – 19 ]. Several biological processes such as glucose, lipid or protein metabolism as well as single hormonal effects such as glycogen synthesis or glucose oxidation may be affected in this condition [ 20 , 21 ]. Several factors may contribute to insulin resistance in CKD.…”