“…Unlike Western developed countries, large-scale internal migration in many developing countries is ongoing, and internal migration massively outnumbers transnational immigration in the current world (Bell and Charles-Edwards 2013). In particular, many developing societies are now experiencing large-scale urbanization and facing various crime and victimization problems in this process, such as Turkey, India, Vietnam, and China (Kusuma, Pandav, and Babu 2014; Nguyen et al 2012; Sercan et al 2015; Xu 2014). More studies are needed to examine whether theories and findings on international immigrants and criminal victimization from Western societies can be applied to explain the pattern of victimization for internal migrants in non-Western contexts, and China offers one intriguing case study.…”