“…For instance, Fleming, Ostdiek, and Whaley (1995), Sun (2005, 2007), Banerjee, Doran, and Peterson (2007), Sarwar (2012a) and Smales (2017) document a significant and negative relationship between U.S. stock market returns and volatility. Similar results are also found in regions other than the U.S., including Europe , BRICS markets Sarwar, 2012b), Latin America (Sarwar & Khan, 2017), and the MENA region (Abuzayed, Al-Fayoumi, & Arabiyat, 2018).…”