“…In line with the literature (e.g. Brünken, Plass & Leutner, 2004;Herrlinger et al, 2017;Kalyuga, et al1999;Leahy & Sweller, 2016;Moreno & Mayer, 2002;, Moussa-Inaty, Causapin, Groombridge, 2018 cognitive load theory principles, when understood, can translate into appropriate learning environments, which will enable learners to achieve improved performance. As far as practical implications, the results of this study highlight that the design of materials for learners should take into account considerations of mental constraints, rather than considerations of learners' preferred learning styles.…”