“…First, economic variables play a fundamental role in determining housing prices, with factors such as fuel prices (Halvorsen & Pollakowski, 1981), macroeconomic aggregates (Baffoe-Bonnie, 1998), income levels (Kok et al, 2018;Jiang & Qiu, 2022), foreign direct investment (Wong et al, 2020), consumer price index (Mohan et al, 2019) and interest rates (Lee & Park, 2022) influencing both demand and supply dynamics within housing markets. Social and demographic characteristics also significantly influence housing prices, with studies having examined the effects of population (Chin & Lee, 2021), school quality (Carrillo et al, 2013), consumption (Wong et al, 2015) and market sentiment (Ding et al, 2023) on urban housing markets. Policy interventions and regulatory frameworks have profound implications for housing markets as well, as land-use constraints (Pollakowski & Wachter, 1990), home-purchase limits (Jia et al, 2018), foreign capital inflows and speculation (Wong et al, 2020), and political uncertainty (Nguyen & Vergara-Alert, 2023) can affect housing affordability and availability.…”