Does panda diplomacy promote Chinese outbound tourism flows?

Okafor, Luke Emeka; Tan, Chee Meng; Khalid, Usman

doi:10.1016/j.jhtm.2021.08.019

Cited by 14 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 83 publications

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“…Saayman et al. (2016), Khalid, Okafor, and Burzynska (2021), or Okafor, Tan, and Khalid (2021) deal with this issue by assuming that the UNWTO does not record tourism flows below a specific threshold, and so they consider data to be zero or close to zero for small tourism flows. However, this strategy could not provide efficient estimates because aggregations in “other countries” are not negligible in certain cases and the specific threshold for not reporting tourism flows is not the same for all destination countries.…”

Section: Modeling and Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the other, many papers have shown interest in focusing on a certain specific research topic, highlighting transport and connectivity (seven papers, 5%), migration (nine papers, 6.3%) cultural variables mainly related to religion, common language, or cultural values (18 papers, 12.6%) and trade and visa policies (10 papers, 7%). More recently, and motivated by the international context, some published papers have focused on security threats (10 papers, 7%), mainly in terms of terrorist attacks (Fourie et al., 2020; Khalid, Okafor, & Aziz, 2020; Okafor & Khalid, 2021) and security spending (Khalid, Okafor, & Aziz, 2020; Okafor, Tan, & Khalid, 2021). With this categorization by research topic, we aim to provide a useful guide to reference most influential papers that use gravity models in the tourism economic literature.…”

Section: Literature Selection and Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Gravity models for tourism demand modeling: Empirical review and outlook

Nadal

Santana-Gallego

2022

Journal of Economic Surveys

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Tourism demand and its determining factors have been extensively explored over the past decades. Traditionally, the study of tourism demand modeling had focused on the use of time series models and forecasting. Nonetheless, during the last years the literature has revived the approach of gravity models, centered on structural dimension as opposed to dynamic factors. This survey aims to provide a useful overview and detailed information that discipline the existing literature and help future researchers about this field. To do so, this study reviews 143 key published papers that apply a gravity equation framework to tourism demand revealing that it has been used mainly in the context of bilateral tourist movements. Results show how, although the list of determining variables of tourist flows can be very large, GDP, population and distance are the most preponderant ones. Moreover, there are important challenges to be addressed by researchers in terms of empirical application of structural gravity models to tourism.

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Section: Modeling and Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Literature Selection and Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Gravity models for tourism demand modeling: Empirical review and outlook

Nadal

Santana-Gallego

2022

Journal of Economic Surveys

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“…Gravity models are widely applied in economic literature to model international trade flows, international migration flows, and foreign direct investment flows (Anderson and Van Wincoop, 2003; Bergstrand and Egger, 2007; Eichengreen and Tong, 2007; Frankel and Romer, 1999; Head et al, 2010; Gil-Pareja et al, 2007; Karemera et al, 2000; Khalid, 2017; McCallum, 1995; Rose, 2000). Similarly, gravity models are extensively used in tourism literature, specifically for exploring determinants of international tourist flows and studying tourism demand (Fourie and Santana-Gallego, 2013; Gopalan and Khalid, 2022; Khadaroo and Seetanah, 2008; Khalid et al, 2020; Khalid et al, 2021a; Khalid et al, 2021b; Okafor et al, 2021d; Okafor et al, 2021e; Santana-Gallego et al, 2016).…”

Section: Model Data and Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Do birds of a feather flock together? Analyzing environmental performance and tourist behavior using a gravity approach

2022

Self Cite

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This study examines whether international tourism flows are affected by differences in the environmental performance of origin and destination countries by conducting an empirical analysis with a gravity panel dataset of 169 origin countries and 157 destination countries from 2000 to 2015. Estimated results show that the difference between environmental performance of a country pair adversely affects international tourism flows. This implies that tourist behavior is particularly influenced by familiarity, behavior conformity, and the need for virtue-signaling. Results also suggest that better environmental performance of the destination relative to the origin, as captured by an overall environmental performance index or its sub-indices, lowers international tourism more than vice-versa. This effect potentially hinges on the tradeoff between functionality and the image of the international tourist destination. Policies that create an enabling milieu for sustainable tourism and environmental practices—such as ecolabeling and targeted advertising—would help attract more environmentally conscious tourists.

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“…The literature does not provide a conventional approach to address this feature. Some authors treat missing values as zeros (Khalid et al, 2021; Okafor et al, 2021; Saayman et al, 2016), while others drop missing values and estimate positive tourist flows (Czaika & Neumayer, 2020; Neumayer & Plümper, 2016; Santana-Gallego & Paniagua, 2022).…”

Section: Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Revisiting the Effect of Hosting Large-Scale Sport Events on International Tourist Inflows

Drapkin,

Ivan,

Ilya

2023

Journal of Sports Economics

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This paper contributes to the literature examining the impact of large-scale sport events (LSEs) on international tourist inflows from 1995 to 2019. Our proposed method involves the calculation of tourist potential and the analysis of actual-to-potential ratios before and after the event. This approach allows us to measure the effect of LSE on a particular hosting country rather than its average effect. Our findings demonstrate a strong “crowding-out” effect for international tourists, with only four out of 18 LSEs resulting in a positive effect on tourist arrivals in the host country.

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Does panda diplomacy promote Chinese outbound tourism flows?

Cited by 14 publications

References 83 publications

Gravity models for tourism demand modeling: Empirical review and outlook

Gravity models for tourism demand modeling: Empirical review and outlook

Do birds of a feather flock together? Analyzing environmental performance and tourist behavior using a gravity approach

Revisiting the Effect of Hosting Large-Scale Sport Events on International Tourist Inflows

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