Does Parenthood Change Implicit Gender‐Role Stereotypes and Behaviors?

Endendijk, Joyce J.; Derks, Belle; Mesman, Judi

doi:10.1111/jomf.12451

Cited by 56 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…Previous research has also shown that work-family conflict may depend on the parents’ gender. With the increase in the number of dual-earner families over time and the fact that parents have more traditional implicit gender-role stereotypes (i.e., women’s role as homemaker and men’s role as economic provider) than non-parents (Endendijk et al, 2018), the work-family conflict has been an issue for both parents. However, mixed results with regard to gender differences have been reported in the literature.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Work-Family Conflict and Mindful Parenting: The Mediating Role of Parental Psychopathology Symptoms and Parenting Stress in a Sample of Portuguese Employed Parents

et al. 2019

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Aims: The aims of the current study are to examine whether parents’ work-family conflict, emotional distress (anxiety/depressive symptoms and parenting stress) and mindful parenting vary according to the type of employment (full-time, part-time, and occasional), the type of work schedule (fixed, flexible, and shift), and the number of working hours per week and to explore whether parental emotional distress mediates the association between work-family conflict and mindful parenting dimensions. Methods: A sample of 335 employed parents (86.3% mothers) of children and adolescents between the ages of 1 and 19 years old completed a sociodemographic form and measures of work-family conflict, anxiety/depression symptoms, parenting stress, and mindful parenting. The differences in study variables among types of employment, work schedules and number of weekly working hours were analyzed. A path model was tested through structural equation modeling in AMOS to explore the indirect effect of work-family conflict on mindful parenting dimensions through anxiety, depression and parenting stress. The invariance of the path model across children’s age groups (toddlers, preschool and grade school children, and adolescents) and parents’ gender was also examined. Results: Parents with a shift work schedule, working full-time and 40 h or more per week, presented significantly higher levels of work-family conflict than those with a fixed or flexible schedule, working part-time and less than 40 h per week, respectively. Parents with a flexible work schedule presented significantly higher levels of self-regulation in parenting and of non-judgmental acceptance of parental functioning than parents with a shift work schedule. Higher levels of work-family conflict were associated with lower levels of mindful parenting dimensions through higher levels of anxiety/depression symptoms and parenting stress. The model was invariant across children’s age groups and parents’ gender. Discussion: Work-family conflict is associated with poorer parental mental health and with less mindful parenting. Workplaces should implement family-friendly policies (e.g., flexible work arrangements) that help parents successfully balance the competing responsibilities and demands of their work and family roles. These policies could have a critical impact on the mental health of parents and, consequently, on their parental practices.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Work-Family Conflict and Mindful Parenting: The Mediating Role of Parental Psychopathology Symptoms and Parenting Stress in a Sample of Portuguese Employed Parents

et al. 2019

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“…heterosexual couples remain highly gendered with men still working most of the paid hours and women still taking on the majority of household and caregiving tasks (Craig & Mullan, 2010;European Commission, 2018;Pew Research Center, 2019). Such gendered divisions appear to develop and/or magnify after the first child is born (Endendijk et al, 2018;Grunow et al, 2012) Although such gendered tasks distributions occur across Europein comparison to men, women are employed less, work more often part-time, and do more unpaid care taskssignificant country differences can be observed (European Commission, 2018). For example, in 2018 the difference between the employment rates of men and women in Sweden was only 3.8%, but 11% in The Netherlands, 14% in Hungary and even 27.7% in Malta (European Commission, 2018).…”

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confidence: 99%

How individual gender role beliefs, organizational gender norms, and national gender norms predict parents’ work-Family guilt in Europe

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Lippe

Steenbergen

et al. 2020

Community, Work & Family

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The guilt that mothers feel about the time and energy that they invest in work instead of their family is often proposed to be an important reason for why mothers 'opt-out' the career track. We sought to understand if mothers indeed experience more workfamily guilt than fathers and how this relates to both their own gender role beliefs and organizational gender norms across nine European countries. Analyses draw on the European Social Workforce Survey, with data from 2619 working parents nested in 110 organizations in 9 European countries. Results showed that when fathers and mothers work more than a full-time week (a) fathers with traditional gender role beliefs felt less guilty, and (b) especially mothers working in an organization with low support for the parent role of working fathers felt guilty. Explorative analyses showed no effect of national gender norms on gender differences in guilt. Our results are beneficial for organizations and policy makers by showing that guilt in working mothers can be reduced by developing egalitarian organizational norms, in which there is support for the parent role of mothers and fathers, potentially helping mothers to focus on their careers alongside their families.

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“…One way to promote equal levels of guilt in fathers and mothers may be to change parents' implicit associations and thus take away the gendered aspect of feeling guilty. Although implicit associations may not be easily malleable, a recent longitudinal study among parents of young children suggested that implicit gender associations may change as a function of personal experiences (Endendijk, Derks, & Mesman, 2018). Specifically, during the first years of parenthood, parents developed not only more traditional behaviors but also more traditional implicit gender stereotypes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In similar vein, in most families, fathers earn most of the family income (Pew Research Center, 2017). These gendered work-family distributions even magnify after men and women become parents (Endendijk, Derks, & Mesman, 2018;Grunow, Schulz, & Blossfeld, 2012).…”

Section: Synthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Yet, despite these changes, work-family divisions within the majority of heterosexual couples remains highly gendered with men still working most of the paid hours and women still taking on the majority of household and caregiving tasks (Craig & Mullan, 2010;European Commission, 2018;Pew Research Center, 2019). Such gendered divisions appear to develop and/or magnify after the first child is born (Endendijk, Derks, & Mesman, 2018;Grunow, Schulz, & Blossfeld, 2012).…”

Section: How Individual Gender Role Beliefs and Organizational Gendermentioning

confidence: 99%

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Work-family guilt: A straightjacket keeping parents into traditional gender roles

Aarntzen¹

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Work-family guilt as a straightjacket. An interview and diary on consequences of mothers' work-family guilt 3 When work-family guilt becomes a women's issue: Gender stereotypes predict high guilt among mothers but low guilt among fathers 4 How individual gender role beliefs and organizational gender cultures predict parents' work-family guilt in Europe 5 How a gendered cost-benefit analysis explains gender differences in work-family guilt 6 Appendices Nederlandse samenvatting (Summary in Dutch) References Supplementary materials chapters 2 to 5 Dankwoord (Acknowledgements) Curriculum Vitae The KLI dissertation series Promotoren Prof. dr. B. Derks Prof. dr. E.F. van Steenbergen Prof. dr. A.G. van der Lippe chapter synthesis chapter synthesis 2 Work-family guilt as a straightjacket. An interview and diary study on consequences of mothers' work-family guilt Note.

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Does Parenthood Change Implicit Gender‐Role Stereotypes and Behaviors?

Abstract: This study examined whether parenthood changes gender-role behavior and implicit gender-role stereotypes as assessed with an

Cited by 56 publications

References 60 publications

Work-Family Conflict and Mindful Parenting: The Mediating Role of Parental Psychopathology Symptoms and Parenting Stress in a Sample of Portuguese Employed Parents

Work-Family Conflict and Mindful Parenting: The Mediating Role of Parental Psychopathology Symptoms and Parenting Stress in a Sample of Portuguese Employed Parents

How individual gender role beliefs, organizational gender norms, and national gender norms predict parents’ work-Family guilt in Europe

Work-family guilt: A straightjacket keeping parents into traditional gender roles

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