Does peripheral retinal input explain the promising myopia control effects of corneal reshaping therapy (<scp>CRT</scp> or ortho‐K) &amp; multifocal soft contact lenses?

Smith, Earl L.; Campbell, Melanie C. W.; Irving, Elizabeth L.

doi:10.1111/opo.12060

Cited by 34 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…1 is attributed to the association of myopia with peripheral relative hyperopia (PRH), which exacerbates any hyperopic blur caused by an accommodative lag. 61 However, as pointed out by coauthor Melanie Campbell, this attribution suffers from a logical flaw: it does not follow from success of therapies which manipulate PRH that PRH on its own is the cause of myopic progression. Instead, it is possible that success has resulted from other simultaneous effects such as changes in peripheral astigmatism and SA interacting with defocus.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spherical Aberration and the Sign of Defocus

Thibos

Bradley

Liu³

et al. 2013

Optometry and Vision Science

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When coupled with Wallman's hypothesis that retinal activity caused by image contrast inhibits eye growth, these results provide a testable hypothesis to account for myopia progression. For example, we suggest that hyperopic blur is a risk factor for myopia progression only when the eye has a negative SA because that is the combination leading to relatively low contrast in the defocused retinal image. Because the likelihood of a negative SA increases with accommodation, avoiding long hours of near work in the presence of accommodative lag may help prevent the onset and progression of myopia.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spherical Aberration and the Sign of Defocus

Thibos

Bradley

Liu³

et al. 2013

Optometry and Vision Science

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“…Near addition lenses were originally thought to act by reducing the near accommodation demand . Since the near addition zones induce localised superior relative peripheral retinal myopic defocus, and the relative superior peripheral refractive shift was found to be associated with a reduction in the rate of central myopic refractive progression of a one‐year period in progressive addition lens wearers, this may be a possible alternative mechanism by which these lenses slow myopia progression . Progressive addition and bifocal spectacle lenses will vary the optics of the eye as a result of a change in accommodation response from the near addition as well as the variable optics in the periphery of the lenses.…”

Section: Hoas and Myopia Control Interventionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…160 Near addition lenses were originally thought to act by reducing the near accommodation demand. [158][159][160][161] Since the near addition zones induce localised superior relative peripheral retinal myopic defocus, 162,163 and the relative superior peripheral refractive shift was found to be associated with a reduction in the rate of central myopic refractive progression of a one-year period in progressive addition lens . Schematic of a potential mechanism between near work and myopia development involving higher order aberrations (HOAs).…”

Section: Spectacle Lenses: Bifocal and Progressive Addition Lensesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Higher order aberrations, refractive error development and myopia control: a review

Hughes

Vincent

Read

et al. 2020

Clinical and Experimental Optometry

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Evidence from animal and human studies suggests that ocular growth is influenced by visual experience. Reduced retinal image quality and imposed optical defocus result in predictable changes in axial eye growth. Higher order aberrations are optical imperfections of the eye that alter retinal image quality despite optimal correction of spherical defocus and astigmatism. Since higher order aberrations reduce retinal image quality and produce variations in optical vergence across the entrance pupil of the eye, they may provide optical signals that contribute to the regulation and modulation of eye growth and refractive error development. The magnitude and type of higher order aberrations vary with age, refractive error, and during near work and accommodation. Furthermore, distinctive changes in higher order aberrations occur with various myopia control treatments, including atropine, near addition spectacle lenses, orthokeratology and soft multifocal and dual‐focus contact lenses. Several plausible mechanisms have been proposed by which higher order aberrations may influence axial eye growth, the development of refractive error, and the treatment effect of myopia control interventions. Future studies of higher order aberrations, particularly during childhood, accommodation, and treatment with myopia control interventions are required to further our understanding of their potential role in refractive error development and eye growth.

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“…Nevertheless, specific peripheral aberration patterns are already implemented in myopia control methods through different types of multifocality. However, all of the available optical treatments (including multifocal soft contact lenses, spectacles that alter peripheral defocus, and orthokeratology) are only partially effective and subject‐dependent . This suggests that peripheral aberrations as well as their effect on the development and progression of myopia need to be further investigated.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Peripheral refraction and higher order aberrations

Romashchenko

Rosén²,

Lundström

2020

Clinical and Experimental Optometry

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Peripheral image quality influences several aspects of human vision. Apart from off‐axis visual functions, the manipulation of peripheral optical errors is widely used in myopia control interventions. This, together with recent technological advancements enabling the measurement of peripheral errors, has inspired many studies concerning off‐axis optical aberrations. However, direct comparison between these studies is often not straightforward. To enable between‐study comparisons and to summarise the current state of knowledge, this review presents population data analysed using a consistent approach from 16 studies on peripheral ocular optical quality (in total over 2,400 eyes). The presented data include refractive errors and higher order monochromatic aberrations expressed as Zernike co‐efficients (reported in a subset of the studies) over the horizontal visual field. Additionally, modulation transfer functions, describing the monochromatic image quality, are calculated using individual wavefront data from three studies. The analysed data show that optical errors increase with increasing eccentricity as expected from theoretical modelling. Compared to emmetropes, myopes tend to have more hypermetropic relative peripheral refraction over the horizontal field and worse image quality in the near‐periphery of the nasal visual field. The modulation transfer functions depend considerably on pupil shape (for angles larger than 30°) and to some extent, the number of Zernike terms included. Moreover, modulation transfer functions calculated from the average Zernike co‐efficients of a cohort are artificially inflated compared to the average of individual modulation transfer functions from the same cohort. The data collated in this review are important for the design of ocular corrections and the development and assessment of optical eye models.

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Does peripheral retinal input explain the promising myopia control effects of corneal reshaping therapy (CRT or ortho‐K) & multifocal soft contact lenses?

Cited by 34 publications

References 27 publications

Spherical Aberration and the Sign of Defocus

Spherical Aberration and the Sign of Defocus

Higher order aberrations, refractive error development and myopia control: a review

Peripheral refraction and higher order aberrations

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