Does physical activity protect against drug abuse vulnerability?

Bardo, Michael T.; Compton, Wilson M.

doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.05.037

Cited by 75 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 165 publications

(162 reference statements)

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“…The present findings show the durability of the SACC treatment as a sustainable, nondrug reward to achieve voluntary abstinence from illicit drug use on a long-term basis in humans. However, while SACC was used in our monkey laboratory to achieve reduced drug intake (see reviews by Carroll and Lynch 2016, Carroll and Smethells 2016), a healthy nondrug reward, such social/community reinforcement (Higgins et al 2003, 2008), physical exercise (Bardo and Compton 2015; Zhou et al 2015; Rawson et al 2015), or an employment-based therapeutic workplace (e.g., Silverman et al 2002) are suitable nondrug alternatives for application to humans.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Finally, substitution of SACC for water during the 3-hr sessions, does not have translational significance for humans, as would other healthier nondrug rewards such as exercise or social contact that are difficult to administer to monkeys. However, exercise and other forms of alternative reinforcement have been extensively studied, and increasing evidence supports their value in the prevention and treatment of drug abuse and other pathological processes, especially those like addiction that involve stress (Solinas et al 2010; Bardo and Compton 2015; Zhou et al 2015). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sex and menstrual cycle effects on chronic oral cocaine self-administration in rhesus monkeys: Effects of a nondrug alternative reward

et al. 2016

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Background In previous studies female monkeys self-administered more oral phencyclidine (PCP) than males, and PCP intake differed by phase of menstrual cycle. Objectives The purpose of this study was to examine sex and hormonal influences on oral cocaine self-administration in male and female rhesus monkeys in the follicular vs. luteal phases of the menstrual cycle, with concurrent access to an alternative nondrug reward, saccharin (SACC) vs. water. Materials and methods Concurrent access to cocaine (0.2, 0.4 and 0.8 mg/ml) and SACC or water was available from two drinking spouts under concurrent fixed-ratio (FR) 2, 4, and 8 schedules during daily 3-h sessions. Results Cocaine deliveries were similar in males and females in the females’ luteal phase, but cocaine deliveries were higher in females during the follicular phase than the luteal phase and compared to males. When SACC was available cocaine deliveries were reduced in females in the follicular phase of the cycle, and cocaine intake (mg/kg) was reduced in males and in females’ follicular and luteal phases. Conclusions Access to concurrent SACC (vs. water) reduced cocaine intake (mg/kg) in males and in females during both menstrual phases, and the magnitude of the reduction in cocaine intake was greatest during the females’ follicular phase. Thus, a nondrug alternative reward, SACC, is a viable alternative treatment for reducing cocaine’s rewarding effects on male and female monkeys, and reductions in cocaine-seeking were optimal in the females’ luteal phase.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex and menstrual cycle effects on chronic oral cocaine self-administration in rhesus monkeys: Effects of a nondrug alternative reward

et al. 2016

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“…The risk of drug-related habits can be combated by the earlier formation of physically beneficial habits, particularly exercise. In individuals with SUD, exercise is effective in promoting abstinence and reducing relapse (Bardo and Compton, 2015; Weinstock et al, 2008). High-school aged male and female athletes are less likely to use illicit drugs such as marijuana and cocaine (Ferron et al, 1999; Taliaferro et al, 2010).…”

Section: Etiology Of Substance Abuse and Relevance To Adolescencementioning

confidence: 99%

Sensitive periods of substance abuse: Early risk for the transition to dependence

Jordan

Andersen

2017

Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience

322

152

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Early adolescent substance use dramatically increases the risk of lifelong substance use disorder (SUD). An adolescent sensitive period evolved to allow the development of risk-taking traits that aid in survival; today these may manifest as a vulnerability to drugs of abuse. Early substance use interferes with ongoing neurodevelopment to induce neurobiological changes that further augment SUD risk. Although many individuals use drugs recreationally, only a small percentage transition to SUD. Current theories on the etiology of addiction can lend insights into the risk factors that increase vulnerability from early recreational use to addiction. Building on the work of others, we suggest individual risk for SUD emerges from an immature PFC combined with hyper-reactivity of reward salience, habit, and stress systems. Early identification of risk factors is critical to reducing the occurrence of SUD. We suggest preventative interventions for SUD that can be either tailored to individual risk profiles and/or implemented broadly, prior to the sensitive adolescent period, to maximize resilience to developing substance dependence. Recommendations for future research include a focus on the juvenile and adolescent periods as well as on sex differences to better understand early risk and identify the most efficacious preventions for SUD.

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“…These promising outcomes indicate that non-pharmacological treatment approaches warrant additional consideration. Among available alternatives, a recent review highlighted data showing that physical activity protects against drug abuse vulnerability (Bardo and Compton, 2015), and exercise has been shown to be reinforcing in humans and rodents and may, therefore, be useful as a treatment for substance use disorders (Lynch et al, 2013). A number of other factors enhance the value of exercise-based behavioral interventions, including that they are relatively low cost and easy to implement in comparison to medication studies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Treadmill exercise improves fitness and reduces craving and use of cocaine in individuals with concurrent cocaine and tobacco-use disorder

Garza

Yoon

Thompson-Lake

et al. 2016

Psychiatry Research

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Exercise may be a useful treatment for substance use disorders. Participants (N=24) included treatment-seeking individuals with concurrent cocaine and tobacco-use disorder (cigarette smokers). Participants were randomized to either running or walking (30 min per session, 3 times per week) or sitting (control condition) for 4 consecutive weeks. Several metrics indicated significant differences among runners, walkers, and sitters during sessions, including mean distance covered and calories burned. In addition, remote physiological monitoring showed that the groups differed significantly according to mean maximum heart rate (HR), respiration, and locomotor activity. Across the 4-week study, exercise improved fitness measures including significantly decreasing resting HR. Though not statistically significant, exercise improved abstinence from cocaine and increased self-reports of no cocaine use in last 24h. In general, reductions in tobacco use and craving were not as robust. To our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the effects of a multi-week exercise program in individuals with concurrent cocaine and tobacco-use disorder. The data clearly show significant improvements in basic fitness measures and several indices reveal that exercise improved both self-report and biochemically verified reports of cocaine abstinence. Taken together, the data from this study provides preliminary evidence for the efficacy of exercise for improving fitness and reducing cocaine use.

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Does physical activity protect against drug abuse vulnerability?

Cited by 75 publications

References 165 publications

Sex and menstrual cycle effects on chronic oral cocaine self-administration in rhesus monkeys: Effects of a nondrug alternative reward

Sex and menstrual cycle effects on chronic oral cocaine self-administration in rhesus monkeys: Effects of a nondrug alternative reward

Sensitive periods of substance abuse: Early risk for the transition to dependence

Treadmill exercise improves fitness and reduces craving and use of cocaine in individuals with concurrent cocaine and tobacco-use disorder

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