“…This model includes the idea of fetal programing, wherein fetal development is impacted by changes to the intrauterine environment as a result of maternal context, including biological and psychological adversity. DOHaD and fetal programing hypotheses are supported by research linking prenatal maternal stress, mood, and adversity to the fetal environment and to adverse birth outcomes, disrupted motor and cognitive development, long-term health risks such as obesity and cardiometabolic disorders, and mental health challenges including depression, anxiety, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorder, and more general internalizing and externalizing symptoms (Davis & Sandman, 2010Essau et al, 2018;Glynn et al, 2018;Graignic-Philippe et al, 2014;Hicks et al, 2019;Irwin et al, 2020;Lupien et al, 2009;Park et al, 2014;Van den Bergh et al, 2017). Importantly, studies attempting to understand psychiatric risk earlier in life have identified negative emotionality in infants, which includes frustration, fear, discomfort, sadness, and low soothability (Rothbart, 2007), as an indicator of future mental health challenges (Bush et al, 2017;Crawford et al, 2011;Luecken et al, 2015).…”