Does satiation close the open economy?

Posadas-Sánchez, Diana; Killeen, Peter R.

doi:10.3758/bf03193178

Cited by 17 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Although session length per se may not be a factor in determining differential patterns of behavior across economy types (Hall & Lattal, 1990), the ability of the animal to reach satiation in a single session may account for many of the reported differences in behavior. In a recent review and empirical study of open and closed economies, Posadas‐Sanchez and Killeen (2005) demonstrated that it was possible to obtain patterns of responding consistent with open economies in the beginning portion of a closed economy in which the animals began deprived, whereas the remainder of the session more closely resembled a closed economy. From these and other data, they concluded that satiety is a crucial factor in determining the degree of openness of an economy.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Along the continuum, a number of factors such as the time to extrasession feeding, session length, and deprivation may vary, and the openness of the economy will vary accordingly (Hursh, 1984; Timberlake, Gawley, & Lucas, 1987). These factors, individually or collectively, can contribute to differences in behavior generated by economy types (Foster et al, 1997; Posadas‐Sanchez & Killeen, 2005; Timberlake & Peden, 1987).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Effects of Economy Type and Nicotine on the Essential Value of Food in Rats

Cassidy

Dallery

2012

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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The exponential demand equation proposed by Hursh and Silberberg (2008) provides an estimate of the essential value of a good as a function of price. The model predicts that essential value should remain constant across changes in the magnitude of a reinforcer, but may change as a function of motivational operations. In Experiment 1, rats' demand for food across a sequence of fixed-ratio schedules was assessed during open and closed economy conditions and across one- and two-pellet per reinforcer delivery conditions. The exponential equation was fitted to the relation between fixed-ratio size and the logarithm of the absolute number of reinforcers. Estimates of the rate of change in elasticity of food, the proposed measure of essential value, were compared across conditions. Essential value was equivalent across magnitudes during the closed economy, but showed a slight decrease across magnitudes during the open economy. Experiment 2 explored the behavioral mechanisms of nicotine's effects on consumption with the results from Experiment 1 serving as a within-subject frame of reference. The same subjects were administered nicotine via subcutaneously implanted osmotic minipumps at a dose of 3 mg/kg/day and exposed to both the one- and two-pellet conditions under a closed economy. Although nicotine produced large decreases in demand, essential value was not significantly changed. The data from the present experiments provide further evidence for the adequacy of the exponential demand equation as a tool for quantifying the rate of change in elasticity of a good and for assessing behavioral mechanisms of drug action.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Effects of Economy Type and Nicotine on the Essential Value of Food in Rats

Cassidy

Dallery

2012

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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“…For example, response rates on ratio schedules can be described by the economic demand curve in which ‘consumption’ (reinforcement rate) is plotted against ‘price’ (ratio) (see Bickel et al 1995 ; Johnson and Bickel 2006 ). The concept of elasticity of demand captures some, but not all, of the behavioural effects of reinforcers that are accounted for in terms of a in the present model (Killeen 1995 ; Posadas-Sánchez and Killeen 2005 ). We make no claim that the present model is intrinsically preferable to models based on other theoretical approaches.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of SKF-83566 and haloperidol on performance on progressive ratio schedules maintained by sucrose and corn oil reinforcement: quantitative analysis using a new model derived from the Mathematical Principles of Reinforcement (MPR)

et al. 2013

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RationaleMathematical models can assist the interpretation of the effects of interventions on schedule-controlled behaviour and help to differentiate between processes that may be confounded in traditional performance measures such as response rate and the breakpoint in progressive ratio (PR) schedules.ObjectiveThe effects of a D1-like dopamine receptor antagonist, 8-bromo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-methyl-5-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepin-7-ol hydrobromide (SKF-83566), and a D2-like receptor antagonist, haloperidol, on rats’ performance on PR schedules maintained by sucrose and corn oil reinforcers were assessed using a new model derived from Killeen’s (Behav Brain Sci 17:105–172, 1994) Mathematical Principles of Reinforcement.MethodSeparate groups of rats were trained under a PR schedule using sucrose or corn oil reinforcers. SKF-83566 (0.015 and 0.03 mg kg−1) and haloperidol (0.05 and 0.1 mg kg−1) were administered intraperitoneally (five administrations of each treatment). Running and overall response rates in successive ratios were analysed using the new model, and estimates of the model’s parameters were compared between treatments.ResultsHaloperidol reduced a (the parameter expressing incentive value) in the case of both reinforcers, but did not affect the parameters related to response time and post-reinforcement pausing. SKF-83566 reduced a and k (the parameter expressing sensitivity of post-reinforcement pausing to the prior inter-reinforcement interval) in the case of sucrose, but did not affect any of the parameters in the case of corn oil.ConclusionsThe results are consistent with the hypothesis that blockade of both D1-like and D2-like receptors reduces the incentive value of sucrose, whereas the incentive value of corn oil is more sensitive to blockade of D2-like than D1-like receptors.

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“…After reforming the supply side and adjusting the production capacity structure, although the problem of overcapacity has not been fundamentally solved, the utilization level of China's industry and major industries has improved. To further improve the ecological environment, it is necessary to eliminate the "zombie enterprises" with little remaining development space and debts as soon as possible and to rectify those industries with high governance costs, high investment, and low output [28][29][30]. At this stage, China's economic development has slowed down markedly, the international environment has changed significantly, and many enterprises have experienced a significant decline in their operating levels.…”

Section: Suggestionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Research on China’s Ecological Welfare Performance Evaluation and Improvement Path from the Perspective of High-Quality Development

Wang

Feng

2020

Mathematical Problems in Engineering

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Based on the data of China’s ecological environment from 2006 to 2018, the paper uses the super-efficiency DEA and Malmquist index methods to evaluate China’s ecological welfare performance from a static and dynamic perspective. Based on this, the Theil index is used to analyze the group’s ecological welfare performance. The internal and intergroup differences show that, from the static evaluation results, China’s ecological welfare performance is in a situation of “high in the east, low in the west, and average in the central region.” There is not much difference between the eastern and central regions, while the ecological welfare performance in the western region is low. From the results of dynamic evaluation, the overall level of regional ecological welfare performance in China has improved in recent years, and the average Malmquist index has exceeded 1, indicating that the growth pattern of ecological welfare performance has shifted to high quality, but the degree of increase in each region is different. There is still much room for improvement in ecological welfare performance; from the perspective of intragroup and intergroup differences, the intragroup differences and intergroup differences in the three major regions have generally maintained a continuous downward trend, and the contribution of the differences in ecowelfare performance between group rate has a clear advantage. Finally, corresponding suggestions are put forward based on the empirical results of the paper.

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Does satiation close the open economy?

Cited by 17 publications

References 49 publications

Effects of Economy Type and Nicotine on the Essential Value of Food in Rats

Effects of Economy Type and Nicotine on the Essential Value of Food in Rats

Effects of SKF-83566 and haloperidol on performance on progressive ratio schedules maintained by sucrose and corn oil reinforcement: quantitative analysis using a new model derived from the Mathematical Principles of Reinforcement (MPR)

Research on China’s Ecological Welfare Performance Evaluation and Improvement Path from the Perspective of High-Quality Development

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