Abstract:Stereoscopic imaging has increasingly been used in anatomical teaching and neurosurgery. The aim of our study was to analyze the potential utility of stereoscopic imaging as a tool for memorizing neurosurgical patient cases compared to conventional monoscopic visualization. A total of 16 residents and 6 consultants from the Department of Neurosurgery at Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin were recruited for the study. They were divided into two equally experienced groups. A comparative analysis of both imagin… Show more
“…The VP Reveal was running on a Dell Inc. Precision 7720 computer with an Intel Core™ i7-7920HQ (3.10 GHz) central processing unit and an NVIDIA Quadro P4000 graphics card [ 29 ]. Fig.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…A stereoscopic visualization creates a perception of depth by projecting a slightly offset image onto each eye and could also be used to demonstrate patient images [ 23 ]. Stereoscopic imaging in the form of three-dimensional presentation of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has already found its way into modern medicine in teaching and preoperative planning [ 1 , 9 , 11 , 16 , 29 ]. However, an evaluation of the stereoscopic visualization of patients’ own images within the surgical informed consent has not yet been performed.…”
Background
Informed consent of the patient prior to surgical procedures is obligatory. A good and informative communication improves patients’ understanding and confidence, thus may strengthen the patient-doctor relationship. The aim of our study was to investigate the usefulness of additional stereoscopic visualization of patient-specific imaging during informed consent conversation.
Methods
Patients scheduled for a brain tumor surgery were screened for this study prospectively. The primary exclusion criteria were cognitive or visual impairments. The participants were randomized into two groups. The first group underwent a conventional surgical informed consent performed by a neurosurgeon including a demonstration of the individual MRI on a 2D computer screen. The second group received an additional stereoscopic visualization of the same imaging to explain the pathology more in-depth. The patients were then asked to fill in a questionnaire after each part. This questionnaire was designed to assess the potential information gained from the patients with details on the anatomical location of the tumor as well as the surgical procedure and possible complications. Patients’ subjective impression about the informed consent was assessed using a 5-point Likert scale.
Results
A total of 27 patients were included in this study. After additional stereoscopic visualization, no significant increase in patient understanding was found for either objective criteria or subjective assessment. Participants’ anxiety was not increased by stereoscopic visualization. Overall, patients perceived stereoscopic imaging as helpful from a subjective perspective. Confidence in the department was high in both groups.
Conclusion
Stereoscopic visualization of MRI images within informed consent conversation did not improve the objective understanding of the patients in our series. Although no objective anatomical knowledge gain was noted in this series, patients felt that the addition of stereoscopic visualization improved their overall understanding. It therefore potentially increases patient confidence in treatment decisions.
“…The VP Reveal was running on a Dell Inc. Precision 7720 computer with an Intel Core™ i7-7920HQ (3.10 GHz) central processing unit and an NVIDIA Quadro P4000 graphics card [ 29 ]. Fig.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…A stereoscopic visualization creates a perception of depth by projecting a slightly offset image onto each eye and could also be used to demonstrate patient images [ 23 ]. Stereoscopic imaging in the form of three-dimensional presentation of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has already found its way into modern medicine in teaching and preoperative planning [ 1 , 9 , 11 , 16 , 29 ]. However, an evaluation of the stereoscopic visualization of patients’ own images within the surgical informed consent has not yet been performed.…”
Background
Informed consent of the patient prior to surgical procedures is obligatory. A good and informative communication improves patients’ understanding and confidence, thus may strengthen the patient-doctor relationship. The aim of our study was to investigate the usefulness of additional stereoscopic visualization of patient-specific imaging during informed consent conversation.
Methods
Patients scheduled for a brain tumor surgery were screened for this study prospectively. The primary exclusion criteria were cognitive or visual impairments. The participants were randomized into two groups. The first group underwent a conventional surgical informed consent performed by a neurosurgeon including a demonstration of the individual MRI on a 2D computer screen. The second group received an additional stereoscopic visualization of the same imaging to explain the pathology more in-depth. The patients were then asked to fill in a questionnaire after each part. This questionnaire was designed to assess the potential information gained from the patients with details on the anatomical location of the tumor as well as the surgical procedure and possible complications. Patients’ subjective impression about the informed consent was assessed using a 5-point Likert scale.
Results
A total of 27 patients were included in this study. After additional stereoscopic visualization, no significant increase in patient understanding was found for either objective criteria or subjective assessment. Participants’ anxiety was not increased by stereoscopic visualization. Overall, patients perceived stereoscopic imaging as helpful from a subjective perspective. Confidence in the department was high in both groups.
Conclusion
Stereoscopic visualization of MRI images within informed consent conversation did not improve the objective understanding of the patients in our series. Although no objective anatomical knowledge gain was noted in this series, patients felt that the addition of stereoscopic visualization improved their overall understanding. It therefore potentially increases patient confidence in treatment decisions.
“…Despite the limitations, this study described a brief technical note of how to set up and project 3D models using stereoscopy and its relevance, especially for neuroanatomy education. It is important to note that, although several other studies have already stated the importance of association of stereoscopic techniques in the neuroanatomy field (Clark et al, 2017;Goodarzi et al, 2017;Wanibuchi et al, 2018;Jacquesson et al, 2020;Rubio et al, 2020;Abarca-Olivas et al, 2022;Schlinkmann et al, 2022), future studies are still needed to determine and measure the efficiency of this technique in order to validate its effectiveness as a teaching and learning tool.…”
Section: Limitations and Future Directionsmentioning
The 3D stereoscopic technique consists in providing the illusional perception of depth of a given object using two different images mimicking how the right and left eyes capture the object. Both images are slightly different and when overlapped gives a three‐dimensional (3D) experience. Considering the limitations for establishing surgical laboratories and dissections courses in some educational institutions, techniques such as stereoscopy and photogrammetry seem to play an important role in neuroanatomy and neurosurgical education. The aim of this study was to describe how to combine and set up realistic models acquired with photogrammetry scans in 3D stereoscopic projections. Three donors, one dry skull, embalmed brain and head, were scanned using photogrammetry. The software used for displaying the final realistic 3D models (Blender, Amsterdam, the Netherlands) is a free software and allows stereoscopic projection without compromising the interactivity of each model. By default, the model was exported and immediately displayed as a red cyan 3D mode. The 3D projector used in the manuscript required a side‐by‐side 3D mode which was set up with simple commands on the software. The final stereoscopy projection offered depth perception and a visualization in 360° of each donor; this perception was noted especially when visualizing donors with different cavities and fossae. The combination of 3D techniques is of paramount importance for neuroanatomy education. Stereoscopic projections could provide a valuable tool for neuroanatomy instruction directed at clinical trainees and could be especially useful when access to laboratory‐based learning is limited.
“…Stereo vision offers a straightforward way for computers to comprehend the world and can reconstruct the three-dimensional geometric information of scenes [1]. It is widely used in various fields such as autonomous navigation systems for mobile robots [2], aerial and remote sensing measurements [3], medical imaging [4], SLAM [5], and more. Stereo correspondence is a crucial element of stereo vision that plays a vital role in finding corresponding point pairs between two images to calculate the depth information of the stereo image [6].…”
This study focuses on solving the correspondence problem of multiple moving objects with similar appearances in stereoscopic videos. Specifically, we address the multi-camera correspondence problem by taking into account the pixel-level and feature-level stereo correspondences, and object-level cross-camera multiple object correspondence. Most correspondence algorithms rely on texture and color information of the stereo images, making it challenging to distinguish between similar-looking objects, such as ballet dancers and corporate employees wearing similar dresses, or farm animals such as chickens, ducks, and cows. However, by leveraging the low latency and high synchronization of high-speed cameras, we can perceive the phase and frequency differences between the movements of similar-looking objects. In this study, we propose using short-term velocities (STVs) of objects as motion features to determine the correspondence of multiple objects by calculating the similarity of STVs. To validate our approach, we conducted stereo correspondence experiments using markers attached to a metronome and natural hand movements to simulate simple and complex motion scenes. The experimental results demonstrate that our method achieved good performance in stereo correspondence.
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