Does Sufficient Evidence Exist to Support a Causal Association between Vitamin D Status and Cardiovascular Disease Risk?  An Assessment Using Hill’s Criteria for Causality

Weyland, P.; Grant, William B.; Howie-Esquivel, Jill

doi:10.3390/nu6093403

Cited by 45 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 118 publications

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Section: Vitamin D Functions In a Human Bodymentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence and prevalence was found to increase with low serum 25(OH)D levels according to Weyland et al (2014). The authors demonstrated an inverse association between 25(OH)D levels and CVD risk factors in various populations, locations and circumstances (Weyland et al 2014). Autier and Gandini (2007) in the meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials demonstrated a decrement in mortality from cardiovascular events in approximately 7 % of subjects using vitamin D supplements.…”

Section: Vitamin D Functions In a Human Bodymentioning

confidence: 98%

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Vitamin D and Its Relevance in the Etiopathogenesis of Oral Cavity Diseases

Ślebioda

Szponar

Dorocka‐Bobkowska

2016

Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp.

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Vitamin D belongs to a group of fat-soluble secosteroids which assume many roles in the human organism. In humans the most important forms are vitamin D3 and vitamin D2. Their primary function is the regulation of the calcium and phosphorus balance, which promote the growth of healthy bony tissue. Studies over the past few years have revealed a much wider role of vitamin D involving the aging processes, carcinogenesis, the carbohydrate balance as well as the effects on the course of various infections. In this paper we discuss the basic functions of vitamin D in the human body and the mechanisms of its activity and we summarize recent reports on the impact of vitamin D on the oral cavity with a special emphasis on autoimmunologic diseases, including: recurrent aphthous stomatitis, Behçet syndrome and Sjögren syndrome.

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Section: Vitamin D Functions In a Human Bodymentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Vitamin D Functions In a Human Bodymentioning

confidence: 98%

Vitamin D and Its Relevance in the Etiopathogenesis of Oral Cavity Diseases

Ślebioda

Szponar

Dorocka‐Bobkowska

2016

Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp.

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“…The 'Bradford Hill Criteria', first published over fifty years ago, are a recognized and widelyused framework against which epidemiological studies may be examined to consider whether a causal interpretation of an observed association is valid [40,41]. In this vein, these guidelines have been widely used in the public health arena to explore whether causal links exist between an exposure of interest and a behaviour or health outcome [42][43][44][45].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Marketing and Advertising on Food Behaviours: Evaluating the Evidence for a Causal Relationship

et al. 2016

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The prevention of overweight in childhood is paramount to long term heart-health. Food marketing predominately promotes unhealthy products which if over-consumed will lead to overweight. International health expert calls for further restriction of children's exposure to food marketing remain relatively unheeded, with a lack of evidence showing a causal link between food marketing and children's dietary behaviours and obesity an oft cited reason for this policy inertia. This direct link is difficult to measure and quantify with a multiplicity of determinants contributing to dietary intake and the development of overweight. The Bradford Hill Criteria provide a credible framework by which epidemiological studies may be examined to consider whether a causal interpretation of an observed association is valid. This paper draws upon current evidence that examines the relationship between food marketing, across a range of different media, and children's food behaviours, and appraises these studies against Bradford Hill's causality framework. IntroductionCardiovascular disease (CVD) is largely preventable, yet, globally, it contributes to the greatest burden of premature mortality [1]. Modifiable, diet-related CVD risk factors include overweight and obesity and high consumption of saturated and trans fatty acids, refined carbohydrates and sodium [2,3]. Establishing healthy dietary behaviours and maintaining a healthy weight in childhood is paramount for maximising heart-health [4], however within our current food environment, this has never been more challenging.

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“…Participants were stratified into two groups, with and without MetSyn, based on NCEP -ATP III criteria (Weyland et al, 2014) …”

Section: The Diagnosis Of Metabolic Syndromementioning

confidence: 99%

Association of the Metabolic Syndrome and Vitamin D Receptor Gene Polymorphisms: A Cross Sectional Study

Khoja¹,

Miedany²,

Iyer³

et al. 2017

JEBAS

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The Vitamin D Receptor gene (VDR) expressed in many tissues and are able to modulate the expression of several other genes. The purpose of this study was to assess the association between the metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) and the presence of VDR genes ApaI, BsmI, TaqI and FokI polymorphisms as well as serum levels of vitamin D. Total eighty two (82) individuals were assessed in a cross-sectional study. Enzymatic digestion method was used to detect the VDR polymorphisms and established by allele specific PCR or amplification of refractory mutation. MetSyn was classified based on the National Cholesterol Education Program -Adult Treatment Panel III Assessment of the association of VDR, as well as serum vitamin D level, with MetSyn components was also evaluated. Serum vitamin D levels were significantly low (p < 0.01) in MetSyn patients. The occurrence of the genotypes in Apal was significantly different as compared to individuals with MetSyn and the control group (P <0.05). A negative correlation was reported between MetSyn and 25(OH) vitamin D levels, type-2 diabetes and glucose homeostasis. Further, as compared to individuals without MetSyn, subjects with MetSyn who carry AA genotype had higher waist circumference and BMI. Serum Vitamin D level was also inversely associated with waist circumference (P < 0.001), triglycerides (P < 0.01), haemoglobin A1c (P < 0.01),

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Does Sufficient Evidence Exist to Support a Causal Association between Vitamin D Status and Cardiovascular Disease Risk? An Assessment Using Hill’s Criteria for Causality

Cited by 45 publications

References 118 publications

Vitamin D and Its Relevance in the Etiopathogenesis of Oral Cavity Diseases

Vitamin D and Its Relevance in the Etiopathogenesis of Oral Cavity Diseases

The Impact of Marketing and Advertising on Food Behaviours: Evaluating the Evidence for a Causal Relationship

Association of the Metabolic Syndrome and Vitamin D Receptor Gene Polymorphisms: A Cross Sectional Study

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