Does the breakdown of the detoxification system for aldehydes as a result of aldose reductase upregulation lead to alcohol‐induced liver injury in humans and mice?

Recent Progress on Fructose Metabolism—Chrebp, Fructolysis, and Polyol Pathway

“…Considering that fructose is converted into glucose in the intestine and that the portal fructose levels are much lower than the glucose levels, hepatic endogenous fructose production via the polyol pathway may be an attractive candidate as the causative pathway of obesity, fatty liver, and hyperuricemia in patients consuming excess sugar-sweetened beverages. However, the role of the polyol pathway in the liver is not yet well studied [ 5 ]. Lanaspa et al reported interesting findings, showing that Khk gene deletion prevented glucose-induced body weight gain and hepatic lipid accumulation [ 97 ].…”

“…Among added sugars with detrimental effects, fructose has an important role in the development of metabolic syndrome diseases [ 4 ]. Recently, endogenous fructose production via the polyol pathway has received attention [ 5 ]. Fructose is metabolized to pyruvate at a much faster rate than glucose and is used for lipogenesis and gluconeogenesis.…”

“…Former reviews focused on, especially, exogenous fructose metabolism with special reference to intestinal Chrebp [ 7 , 10 , 11 ]. However, recent studies have also focused on the relationship between the polyol pathway and fructolysis [ 5 , 12 ]. In this review, we will summarize the role of exogenous and endogenous fructose metabolism in regulating lipogenesis, with special refences to Chrebp ( Figure 1 ).…”