Does the Clock Drawing Test Predict Cognitive Decline in Older Persons Independent of the Mini‐Mental State Examination?

Ferrucci, Luigi; Cecchi, Francesca; Guralnik, Jack M.; Giampaoli, Simona; Noce, Cinzia Lo; Salani, Bernardo; Bandinelli, Stefania; Baroni, A.

doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1996.tb01403.x

Cited by 104 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Similar to the results of other studies [13, 20, 26, 27, 28], we found that CDT-D had a slightly better sensitivity and specificity than the CDT-C in the screening of early dementia. When the CDT-D was administered, the subjects needed to initiate their thoughts and actions in preparation for a clock face drawing, for putting numerals in the proper position on the clock face and for drawing two hands of different lengths in the correct positions.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

The Three-Item Clock-Drawing Test: A Simplified Screening Test for Alzheimer’s Disease

et al. 2002

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The Clock-Drawing Test (CDT) has been used to screen for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) as a supplement to cognitive tests that focus on memory impairment. We examined a comprehensive scoring system of the CDT in screening of AD in a Chinese population and derived a simplified scoring system. All 403 (144 AD and 259 nondemented) subjects were administered the CDT, including both the drawing part (CDT-D) and the copying part (CDT-C). The Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument and the Clinical Dementia Rating were also administered. Stepwise discriminant analysis was used to develop a simplified CDT scoring system. The optimal CDT cutoff scores (CDT-D: 10/11; CDT-C: 12/13) show intermediate sensitivity (CDT-D: 66.7%; CDT-C: 51.4%) and specificity (CDT-D: 74.5%; CDT-C: 74.1%). The simplified 3-item CDT scoring system, with a cutoff score of 2/3, has a sensitivity of 72.9% and a specificity of 65.6%; it can be used as a quick test for AD screening.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

The Three-Item Clock-Drawing Test: A Simplified Screening Test for Alzheimer’s Disease

et al. 2002

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“…Several scoring systems have been used and standardized by investigators as a screen for cognitive dysfunction (27)(28)(29)(30). In this test, participants are presented with two sheets of paper: one provides written instructions, the other serves as a response sheet.…”

Section: Clock Drawing Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive Dysfunction Is Associated With Poor Diabetes Control in Older Adults

et al. 2006

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OBJECTIVE -To evaluate the association between cognitive dysfunction and other barriers and glycemic control in older adults with diabetes.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS -Patients over the age of 70 years presenting to a geriatric diabetes clinic were evaluated for barriers to successful diabetes management. Patients were screened for cognitive dysfunction with the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) and a clock-drawing test (CDT) scored by 1) a method validated by Mendez et al. and 2) a modified CDT (clock in a box [CIB]). Depression was evaluated with the Geriatric Depression Scale. Interview questionnaires surveyed activities of daily living (ADLs) and instrumental ADLs (IADLs), as well as other functional disabilities.RESULTS -Sixty patients (age 79 Ϯ 5 years, diabetes duration 14 Ϯ 13 years) were evaluated. Thirty-four percent of patients had low CIB (Յ5), and 38% of patients had low CDT (Յ13). Both CIB as well as CDT were inversely correlated with HbA 1c , suggesting that cognitive dysfunction is associated with poor glycemic control (r ϭ Ϫ0.37, P Ͻ 0.004 and r ϭ Ϫ0.38, P Ͻ 0.004, respectively). Thirty-three percent of patients had depressive symptoms with greater difficulty completing the tasks of the IADL survey (5.7 Ϯ 1.7 vs. 4.6 Ϯ 2.0; P Ͻ 0.03). These older adults with diabetes had a high incidence of functional disabilities, including hearing impairment (48%), vision impairment (53%), history of recent falls (33%), fear of falls (44%), and difficulty performing IADLs (39%).CONCLUSIONS -Older adults with diabetes have a high risk of undiagnosed cognitive dysfunction, depression, and functional disabilities. Cognitive dysfunction in this population is associated with poor diabetes control.

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“…[15][16][17][18][19][20][21] In Brazil, however, only Okamoto 22 and Fuzikawa et al 23,24 have produced the few studies published about this instrument. Okamoto 22 studied spontaneous clock drawings, ability to tell time, placement of the hour hand, and copies of clock drawings in 50 patients with Alzheimer's dementia (DAT), nine with Lewy body dementia (DLB), six with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 43 from a control group.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Clock Drawing Test: performance among elderly with low educational level

Lourenço

Ribeiro-Filho

Moreira

et al. 2008

Rev. Bras. Psiquiatr.

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Does the Clock Drawing Test Predict Cognitive Decline in Older Persons Independent of the Mini‐Mental State Examination?

Abstract: Findings suggest that the CDT identifies older persons at high risk of cognitive decline and adds prognostic information that supplements the standard MMSE test.

Cited by 104 publications

References 24 publications

The Three-Item Clock-Drawing Test: A Simplified Screening Test for Alzheimer’s Disease

The Three-Item Clock-Drawing Test: A Simplified Screening Test for Alzheimer’s Disease

Cognitive Dysfunction Is Associated With Poor Diabetes Control in Older Adults

The Clock Drawing Test: performance among elderly with low educational level

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