Does the Face Protect the Brain?

Keenan, Heather T.; Brundage, Susan I.; Thompson, Donovan J.; Maier, Ronald V.; Rivara, Frederick P.

doi:10.1001/archsurg.134.1.14

Cited by 89 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…The majority of articles that examined TBI and all articles on children and youth with TBI included ICD-10 codes S02.0, S02.1, S02.3, S02.7, S02.8, and S02.9 in their case definitions. Many studies have identified TBI among individuals with facial fractures [ 11 , 12 , 46 , 67 - 76 ] as well as an increased risk for fractures of the orbital floor (S02.3) [ 68 , 71 , 75 ], malar maxillary bones (S02.4) [ 68 , 71 ], and the mandible (S02.6) [ 71 , 74 ]. Previous research has shown that brain injury is one of the most common concomitant injuries among children with mandibular and mid-facial fractures [ 74 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Defining pediatric traumatic brain injury using International Classification of Diseases Version 10 Codes: A systematic review

2015

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BackgroundAlthough healthcare administrative data are commonly used for traumatic brain injury (TBI) research, there is currently no consensus or consistency on the International Classification of Diseases Version 10 (ICD-10) codes used to define TBI among children and youth internationally. This study systematically reviewed the literature to explore the range of ICD-10 codes that are used to define TBI in this population. The identification of the range of ICD-10 codes to define this population in administrative data is crucial, as it has implications for policy, resource allocation, planning of healthcare services, and prevention strategies.MethodsThe databases MEDLINE, MEDLINE In-Process, Embase, PsychINFO, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were systematically searched. Grey literature was searched using Grey Matters and Google. Reference lists of included articles were also searched for relevant studies. Two reviewers independently screened all titles and abstracts using pre-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. A full text screen was conducted on articles that met the first screen inclusion criteria. All full text articles that met the pre-defined inclusion criteria were included for analysis in this systematic review.ResultsA total of 1,326 publications were identified through the predetermined search strategy and 32 articles/reports met all eligibility criteria for inclusion in this review. Five articles specifically examined children and youth aged 19 years or under with TBI. ICD-10 case definitions ranged from the broad injuries to the head codes (ICD-10 S00 to S09) to concussion only (S06.0). There was overwhelming consensus on the inclusion of ICD-10 code S06, intracranial injury, while codes S00 (superficial injury of the head), S03 (dislocation, sprain, and strain of joints and ligaments of head), and S05 (injury of eye and orbit) were only used by articles that examined head injury, none of which specifically examined children and youth.ConclusionThis review provides evidence for discussion on how best to use ICD codes for different goals. This is an important first step in reaching an appropriate definition and can inform future work on reaching consensus on the ICD-10 codes to define TBI for this vulnerable population.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12883-015-0259-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Defining pediatric traumatic brain injury using International Classification of Diseases Version 10 Codes: A systematic review

2015

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“…Previous studies demonstrate that the rate of concomitant head injuries in cases of facial fracture is as high as 50- 80 %- depending on the location of the fracture [4]. While intracranial injuries occur most often in cases of fractures of the bones of the upper face and maxilla, they are less frequently associated with lesions of the mandible [4–6]. Besides involvement of the head, other concomitant injuries include the cervical spine and other body parts (Figs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maxillofacial injuries in severely injured patients

Scheyerer

Döring

Fuchs

et al. 2015

J Trauma Manage Outcomes

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BackgroundA significant proportion of patients admitted to hospital with multiple traumas exhibit facial injuries. The aim of this study is to evaluate the incidence and cause of facial injuries in severely injured patients and to examine the role of plastic and maxillofacial surgeons in treatment of this patient collective.MethodsA total of 67 patients, who were assigned to our trauma room with maxillofacial injuries between January 2009 and December 2010, were enrolled in the present study and evaluated.ResultsThe majority of the patients were male (82 %) with a mean age of 44 years. The predominant mechanism of injury was fall from lower levels (<5 m) and occurred in 25 (37 %) cases. The median ISS was 25, with intracranial bleeding found as the most common concomitant injury in 48 cases (72 %). Thirty-one patients (46 %) required interdisciplinary management in the trauma room; maxillofacial surgeons were involved in 27 cases. A total of 35 (52 %) patients were treated surgically, 7 in emergency surgery, thereof.ConclusionMaxillofacial injuries are often associated with a risk of other serious concomitant injuries, in particular traumatic brain injuries. Even though emergency operations are only necessary in rare cases, diagnosis and treatment of such concomitant injuries have the potential to be overlooked or delayed in severely injured patients.

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“…In addition, the S02 code for fracture of the orbital floor (S02.3) is included in the definition used in Ontario [20-22]. The inclusion of the code S02.3 was based on three separate studies: first a case-control study of those injured in a bicycle accident found that those with brain injuries had 24.4 times the odds of also having an orbital fracture compared to those without a brain injury [20]; a study of those hospitalized for a motorcycle collision found that 70.2% of those with a orbital facial fracture also sustained a brain injury [21]; finally, a retrospective data study using a trauma database found that more people had TBI among those with facial fracture compared to those without facial fracture (p < 0.0010) [22]. (See table 5 for more information).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Defining neurotrauma in administrative data using the International Classification of Diseases Tenth Revision

Chen

Colantonio

2011

Emerg Themes Epidemiol

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BackgroundIt is essential to use a definition that is precise and accurate for the surveillance of traumatic brain injuries (TBI) and spinal cord injuries (SCI). This paper reviews the International Classification of Diseases 10th revision (ICD-10) definitions used internationally to inform the definition for neurotrauma surveillance using administrative data in Ontario, Canada.MethodsPubMed, Web of Science, Medline and the grey literature were searched for keywords "spinal cord injuries" or "brain injuries" and "international classification of diseases". All papers and reports that used an ICD-10 definition were included. To determine the ICD-10 codes for inclusion consensus across papers and additional evidence were sought to look at the correlation between the condition and brain or spinal injuries.ResultsTwenty-four articles and reports were identified; 15 unique definitions for TBI and 7 for SCI were found. The definitions recommended for use in Ontario by this paper are F07.2, S02.0, S02.1, S02.3, S02.7, S02.8, S02.9, S06, S07.1, T90.2, and T90.5 for traumatic brain injuries and S14.0, S14.1, S24.0, S24.1, S34.1, S34.0, S34.3, T06.0, T06.1 and T91.3 for spinal cord injuries.ConclusionsInternationally, inconsistent definitions are used to define brain and spinal cord injuries. An abstraction study of data would be an asset in understanding the effects of inclusion and exclusion of codes in the definition. This paper offers a definition of neurotrauma for surveillance in Ontario, but the definition could be applied to other countries that have mandated administrative data collection.

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Does the Face Protect the Brain?

Cited by 89 publications

References 4 publications

Defining pediatric traumatic brain injury using International Classification of Diseases Version 10 Codes: A systematic review

Defining pediatric traumatic brain injury using International Classification of Diseases Version 10 Codes: A systematic review

Maxillofacial injuries in severely injured patients

Defining neurotrauma in administrative data using the International Classification of Diseases Tenth Revision

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