“…Emission from applied slurry is calculated using standard European conditions and is related to slurry DM and application rate, rain intensity and temperature (Hafner et al, 2018;Huijsmans et al, 2018). Soil characteristics will in practice have an effect on emissions (Chantigny et al, 2004;Seçer et al, 2018), but the statistical model does not include soil characteristics, because there was no clear effect of soil type in the analyses of emission data from the 12 countries that provided data for the model, which were from south to north of Europe (Hafner et al, 2018). Losses of NH 3 from solid livestock manure applied to soil are not as well-understood as the emissions from slurry application due to the greater variation in the composition of solid manure and there is widely differing practices with respect to litter use and storage, which contribute to the high SD of the average EF.…”