“…In this regard, research in the realm of multimodal learning analysis has assessed how students communicate, collaborate, and solve problems within a smart classroom [37]-an area of research recently stimulated by the evaluation of neuro-physiological data from these technology-based learning environments [42]. Indeed, it has been shown that users' tactile manipulation of tangible interfaces enables the development of cognitive and physical connections [35]-a research outcome supported by the higher students' ability to identify objects' parts and position when using touch-based smart-pad interfaces w. r. t. traditional mouse-based technology [20]. In this regard, to evaluate how digital classrooms might encourage students' learning, multimodal learning analyticsan emerging field of research that combines the study of different natural communication modalities, such as speech, writing, or gesturing-has been successfully taken into account [27,29].…”