Does Witnessing Racism Online Promote Individual and Institutional Anti-Racism Advocacy Among White Individuals? The Role of White Empathy, White Guilt, and White Fear of Other Races

Keum, Brian TaeHyuk

doi:10.1089/cyber.2020.0629

Cited by 7 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Third, in conjunction with the above interpretations, White individuals vicariously witnessing racist online interactions may choose to respond with obliviousness and insensitivity due to their perceived lack of relevance and socioemotional detachment (Spanierman & Heppner, 2004). Individuals espousing these approaches may be least likely to experience negative feelings (i.e., helplessness which can lead to feelings of loneliness) related to racism and may be limited in their ability to feel remorseful about racial inequalities and racial minority individuals suffering from racism (Keum, 2021; Spanierman et al, 2006). Taken together, our findings help extend prior research on the psychosocial costs of racism to White individuals, by considering how these costs might manifest online.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Though the killings of George Floyd and Breonna Taylor do not reflect any new issues in race‐related violence, the viral spread of information online and polarization of reactions surrounding the murders are significant examples of how White individuals witnessed and reacted to racialized tragedies via the internet (Dreyer et al, 2020). White individuals likely grapple with their psychosocial reactions to witnessing racism on the internet, including those who might have avoided reflecting on the issue of racism in their everyday life (Keum, 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although social media has been designed to promote social connection, loneliness and lack of belongingness have been significantly correlated with social media use (Keum, 2021; Lim et al, 2020). The exponential growth of social media platforms (e.g., Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, TikTok, etc.)…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Witnessing racism against racial minority individuals online and loneliness among White emerging adults: Anti‐racism advocacy as a moderator

Keum

Waters

Wong

et al. 2022

Journal Community Psychology

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Extant literature suggests that racism is associated with difficult emotional reactions and feelings of social disconnect among White individuals. These feelings of social disconnect may be particularly salient in today's digital era in which racism against racial minority individuals is conveniently and frequently witnessed via online platforms. Thus, we examined whether witnessing racism online may be associated with feelings of loneliness among White emerging adults. We also tested whether anti‐racism advocacy buffered loneliness given its potential for relationship building and community organizing to promote racial justice and equity. Using data from 227 White emerging adults (Mage = 20.86, SD = 4.82), we conducted a latent moderated structural equation modeling to test individual and institutional anti‐racism advocacy as moderators in the link between witnessing racism online (racial victimization of racial minority individuals in online interactions and online content on cultural devaluation/systemic racism against racial minority individuals) and loneliness. Greater exposure to online content on systemic racism and cultural devaluation of racial minority groups significantly predicted greater loneliness. Engagement in individual anti‐racism advocacy (mean to high levels) buffered this link. White allies must engage in anti‐racism practice to address racism in our society, and our findings advance our understanding of the associated psychosocial costs. Implications for research and practice are discussed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Witnessing racism against racial minority individuals online and loneliness among White emerging adults: Anti‐racism advocacy as a moderator

Keum

Waters

Wong

et al. 2022

Journal Community Psychology

Self Cite

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“…In fact, a so-called 'fading affect bias' has been demonstrated in several studies, indicating that the intensity of an emotion being associated with a negative autobiographical memory fades faster than the emotion being associated with a positive one (e.g., [38,39]). This psychological effect, though important, for example, for promoting a positive selfconcept may additionally explain the lower frequency of feelings of guilt related to rather negative behaviors such as "Telling lies/withholding truth/information" and "Misbehavior towards/bad thinking of someone" and the generally identified lower average numbers of stated reasons for feeling guilty in participants of the older (45-59, 60+) compared to participants of the younger age groups (18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36)(37)(38)(39)(40)(41)(42)(43)(44).…”

Section: Age and Reasons For Feeling Guiltymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Examples of specific types of interpersonal guilt are 'survivor guilt', 'separation/disloyalty guilt', or 'omnipotent responsibility guilt' (e.g., see [13,14]). Further examples for specified specific types of guilt are 'guilt in bereavement', 'parental guilt', 'white guilt', 'trauma-related guilt', 'combat-related guilt', 'sex guilt', 'weight-related guilt' or guilt in certain disorders such as eating disorders or depression 1 (e.g., [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The wide variety of reasons for feeling guilty in adults: findings from a large cross-sectional web-based survey

Luck

Luck-Sikorski

2022

BMC Psychol

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Background Experiencing some sort of guilt is a common phenomenon in adulthood. As feeling guilty is usually unpleasant and may even lead to further negative psychological consequences like depression, the aim of this study was to provide comprehensive information on the reasons for such feelings in adults. Methods A cross-sectional web-based survey was conducted between May 2019 and April 2020, collecting qualitative information on reasons for feeling guilty in n = 604 adults (mean/SD age = 45.3/16.4 years; n = 346/57.3% women, n = 255/42.2% men and n = 3/0.5% adults without identification with a particular gender). Stated reasons were inductively classified into (super-)/categories, and information on frequency and percentage (total, gender- and age-specific) for each of these (super-)/categories was provided. Results Participants altogether stated 1515 reasons for feeling guilty that were classified into 12 supercategories and 49 categories. “Telling lies/withholding truth/information” followed by “Not spending (enough) time with family (members)/Not taking (enough) care of family (members)/not being there for family (members)” were the most frequent categories of reasons for feeling guilty in the sample. Guilt feelings explicitly referring to “religious beliefs” or a “subjectively perceived more general responsibility’” (e.g., for society, humankind, problems of the world), by contrast, were of minor importance. Male and female participants as well as participants of different ages showed similarities but also several differences in stated reasons for feeling guilty. Female participants, for example, more often experienced feelings of guilt related to family members, children and to some kind of general responsibility for the wellbeing of others, whereas male participants felt guilty more often because of some kind of misconduct/mistakes being made or because of difficulties in marriage/relationship. Conclusions Adults can feel guilty for a wide variety of different reasons. Most reasons seem to be rather concrete (e.g., related to concrete negative self-attributions/flaws or to concrete social situations with concrete individuals). There also seem to be some age- and gender-related differences in reasons for feeling guilty.

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Tweet Stimuli Set for Content about Black People (TSS-CBP): Development and testing of stimuli to assess the impacts of online race-related content

2023

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Does Witnessing Racism Online Promote Individual and Institutional Anti-Racism Advocacy Among White Individuals? The Role of White Empathy, White Guilt, and White Fear of Other Races

Cited by 7 publications

References 25 publications

Witnessing racism against racial minority individuals online and loneliness among White emerging adults: Anti‐racism advocacy as a moderator

Witnessing racism against racial minority individuals online and loneliness among White emerging adults: Anti‐racism advocacy as a moderator

The wide variety of reasons for feeling guilty in adults: findings from a large cross-sectional web-based survey

Tweet Stimuli Set for Content about Black People (TSS-CBP): Development and testing of stimuli to assess the impacts of online race-related content

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