Dog culling and replacement in an area endemic for visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil

Nunes, Cáris Maroni; Lima, Valéria Marçal Felix de; Paula, Henrique Borges de; Perri, Sílvia Helena Venturoli; Andrade, Andréa Maria; Dias, Francisca Elda Ferreira; Burattini, Marcelo Nascimento

doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.01.005

Cited by 98 publications

(89 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Additionally, replacement and migration may have contributed to the wider base for the first age class. Owners have a preference for adopting puppies 10 and Andrade et al 16 observed that, after an increase in the dogculling rate in response to the advent of the CVL endemics in Araçatuba, the percentage of puppies aged less than one year increased from 20% to 32.5%, possibly due to dog replacement. In contrast, the replacement rate reported by owners in this study was 7.8% (93/1,194) and the observed migration rate was 3.2%.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although information on the age of culled dogs was not available for the studied population, dogs from Araçatuba were more frequently culled at the age of 34 months 10 . This is consistent with the expected life span of 2.75 years (33 months) estimated for dogs from Panorama.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While a large body of literature has addressed the controversy as to whether or not the elimination of positive dogs is associated with a reduction in VL incidence in humans 5,6,7,8,9 , the impact of increased mortality in the structure and composition of canine populations has not been assessed in spite of its potential to influence VL prevalence in dogs and, consequently, in humans 7,10 . Furthermore, the replacement after compulsory culling also affects the structure of the canine population, thus changing the impact of currently used VL control measures.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Age structure of owned dogs under compulsory culling in a visceral leishmaniasis endemic area

et al. 2016

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The age structure of the dog population is essential for planning and evaluating control programs for zoonotic diseases. We analyzed data of an owned-dog census in order to characterize, for the first time, the structure of a dog population under compulsory culling in a visceral leishmaniasis endemic area (Panorama, São Paulo State, Brazil) that recorded a dog-culling rate of 28% in the year of the study. Data on 1,329 households and 1,671 owned dogs revealed an owned dog:human ratio of 1:7. The mean age of dogs was estimated at 1.73 years; the age pyramid indicated high birth and mortality rates at the first year of age with an estimated cumulative mortality of 78% at the third year of age and expected life span of 2.75 years. In spite of the high mortality, a growth projection simulation suggested that the population has potential to grow in a logarithmic scale over the years. The estimated parameters can be further applied in models to maximize the impact and minimize financial inputs of visceral leishmaniasis control measures.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Age structure of owned dogs under compulsory culling in a visceral leishmaniasis endemic area

et al. 2016

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“…In contrast, a canine vaccine is likely to be more efficacious, as vaccinated dogs are not replaced by susceptibles (Dye, 1996). A high replacement rate after culling has been confirmed in field studies, with culled dogs being replaced a mean of 4 months after culling (Nunes et al 2008). Where culling is localized, replacement dogs from surrounding areas may already be infected, further limiting the effects of culling : 15 % of replacement dogs in one study were seropositive (Moreira et al 2004).…”

Section: Dog Cullingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transmission, reservoir hosts and control of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis

2009

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S U M M A R YZoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (ZVL) caused by Leishmania infantum is an important disease of humans and dogs. Here we review aspects of the transmission and control of ZVL. Whilst there is clear evidence that ZVL is maintained by sandfly transmission, transmission may also occur by non-sandfly routes, such as congenital and sexual transmission. Dogs are the only confirmed primary reservoir of infection. Meta-analysis of dog studies confirms that infectiousness is higher in symptomatic infection ; infectiousness is also higher in European than South American studies. A high prevalence of infection has been reported from an increasing number of domestic and wild mammals ; updated host ranges are provided. The crab-eating fox Cerdocyon thous, opossums Didelphis spp., domestic cat Felis cattus, black rat Rattus rattus and humans can infect sandflies, but confirmation of these hosts as primary or secondary reservoirs requires further xenodiagnosis studies at the population level. Thus the putative sylvatic reservoir(s) of ZVL remains unknown. Review of intervention studies examining the effectiveness of current control methods highlights the lack of randomized controlled trials of both dog culling and residual insecticide spraying. Topical insecticides (deltamethrin-impregnated collars and pour-ons) have been shown to provide a high level of individual protection to treated dogs, but further community-level studies are needed.

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“…The prolonged lapse between diagnosis and actual culling of dogs was considered to be another factor that negatively impacted control efforts (3). In resource-limited villages of Brazil endemic for visceral leishmaniasis, which were characterized by a lack of responsible dogownership, the high rate of dog culling (60.9% in two years, not all related to canine visceral leishmaniasis) did not translate to reduction in canine visceral leishmaniasis incidence, which was attributed to the rapid replacement of infected dogs with susceptible puppies (7). On the other hand, the potential spillover of L. infantum from rural (forested) to periurban/urban environments represents a continuous influx of parasites to uninfected canine populations that remain after removal of infected dogs (2).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Dilema ético y epidemiológico sobre el tratamiento de perros para la leishmaniasis visceral en América Latina

Travi

2013

biomedica

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In the Americas there are between 4,500 and 6,800 annual cases of severe visceral leishmaniasis, and mortality is estimated to range between 7 and 10%. However, underreporting and subclinical infections mask the real epidemiological importance of visceral leishmaniasis. Control efforts, which have typically focused on insecticide spraying of sand fly vectors and dog culling, have yielded disparate results. Nevertheless, thousands of dogs are sacrificed each year in countries endemic for visceral leishmaniasis. Additionally, current guidelines of leishmaniasis control programs have banned dog treatment with drugs of human use while therapy with other drugs resulted in high rates of relapses. Society requires that control programs take a more humanitarian approach aimed at limiting dog culling. There is an urgent need to promote responsible dog-ownership and support research on: a) novel veterinary therapies, b) low-cost molecular diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis, and c) determination of dog infectivity threshold for proper reservoir management. Dilema ético y epidemiológico sobre el tratamiento de perros para la leishmaniasis visceral en América LatinaEn las Américas hay entre 4.500 y 6.800 casos anuales de leishmaniasis visceral grave y se estima que la mortalidad varía entre 7 y 10 %. Sin embargo, el subregistro y las infecciones subclínicas enmascaran la importancia epidemiológica real de la leishmaniasis visceral. Los esfuerzos de control que típicamente se han enfocado en la aspersión de insecticidas contra los flebotomíneos vectores y el sacrificio de perros, han arrojado resultados dispares. No obstante, miles de perros se sacrifican cada año en países endémicos para leishmaniasis visceral. Además, los lineamientos actuales de los programas de control de la leishmaniasis han prohibido el tratamiento de perros con medicamentos de uso humano, mientras que otras drogas resultan en altas tasas de recaída. La sociedad requiere que los programas de control tengan un manejo más humanitario enfocado a limitar el sacrificio canino. Hay una necesidad urgente de promover la tenencia responsable de los perros y apoyar la investigación en: a) terapias veterinarias novedosas, b) diagnósticos moleculares de bajo costo y c) determinación de los umbrales de capacidad infecciosa canina para el manejo adecuado del reservorio.

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Dog culling and replacement in an area endemic for visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil

Cited by 98 publications

References 17 publications

Age structure of owned dogs under compulsory culling in a visceral leishmaniasis endemic area

Age structure of owned dogs under compulsory culling in a visceral leishmaniasis endemic area

Transmission, reservoir hosts and control of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis

Dilema ético y epidemiológico sobre el tratamiento de perros para la leishmaniasis visceral en América Latina

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