“…Indeed, taniwha may be experienced by Māori in many ways and in many forms (Rangiwai, 2019). For my grandmother, Repora Marion Brown , taniwha, kaitiaki or 'manas' as she sometimes called them, had the power to guide, guard, and protect, or to 'slap', if tikanga was not followed (Rangiwai, 2019 (Ruwhiu, 2009), writing (Sword, 2011), design (Repia, 2018, law studies (Fernando, 2018), resistance to land loss and environmental degradation (van Meijl, 2019;McCormack, 2019;Sissons, 2019), digital leadership (Williams, 2020), and in many other contexts. The metaphor of the taniwha, van Meijl (2019) asserted, is important in Māori narratives as, "Spirituality and images of the taniwha are… central themes in Māori discourses" (p. 165).…”