Dolomitization of the Ordovician subsalt Majiagou Formation in the central Ordos Basin, China: fluid origins and dolomites evolution

Abstract

The Middle Ordovician subsalt Majiagou Formation in the Ordos Basin comprises pervasively dolomitized shallow marine limestone and is a major reservoir rich in natural gas resources. Four types of dolomite matrix and cement were identified based on petrographic textures: (very) finely crystalline, non-planar to planar-s matrix dolomite (Md1); finely to medium crystalline, planar-s to planar-e matrix dolomite (Md2); microbialites comprising dolomite microcrystals (Md3); and finely to coarsely crystalline dolomite cement (Cd). The Md1 and Md2 dolomites were controlled by alternating lagoon-shoal facies and have δ13C values (− 1.89 to + 1.45‰ VPDB for Md1, − 1.35 to + 0.42‰ VPDB for Md2) that fall within or are slightly higher than the coeval seawater, suggesting the dolomitizing fluid of evaporated seawater. Md2 dolomite was then subjected to penecontemporaneous karstification by meteoric water and burial recrystallization by sealed brines during diagenesis, as indicated by its relatively lower δ18O values (− 8.89 to − 5.73‰ VPDB) and higher 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.708920–0.710199). Md3 dolomite comprises thrombolite and stromatolite and is interpreted to form by a combination of initial microbial mediation and later replacive dolomitization related to evaporated seawater. Cd dolomite was associated with early-formed karst system in the Md2 host dolomite. The lowest δ18O values (− 11.78 to − 10.18‰ VPDB) and 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.708688–0.708725) and fluid inclusion data (Th: 123–175 °C) indicate involvement of hydrothermal fluid from which the Cd dolomite precipitated during deep burial. These results reveal the multi-stage dolomitization history of the Majiagou Formation and provide new constraints on fluid origins and dolomites evolution during deep burial in old superimposed basins, such as the Ordos Basin and elsewhere.

Genesis and pore evolution of dolomite reservoir in the Majiagou Formation, Ordos Basin, China

“…During deposition of the M 5 6 sub-member in the Ordovician in the Ordos Basin, a secondary regression occurred. A hot–arid climate and rifted setting formed a restricted evaporatic environment in the central–eastern Ordos Basin (Xiong et al, 2021). In this setting, strong evaporation led to high-salinity and -Mg/Ca seawater, which promoted large-scale early dolomitization (Hardie, 1987; Machel, 2004; Zhao et al, 2014).…”

“…Given the fluid pressure changes, there was differential cementation, which infilled large pores and preserved small pores, and thus resulted in reservoir heterogeneity. In addition, the regional gypsum rocks generated a closed and highly saline diagenetic environment in the underlying reservoirs (Grunau, 1981; Xiong et al, 2021), which blocked the flow of fluids, allowed the formation fluids to rapidly reach equilibrium, and hindered further dissolution and cementation in the deeply buried dolomite reservoirs. Tectonism formed fractures with different lengths and widths in the laminae, and thus improved the pore connectivity and permeability.…”

Research on Test and Logging Data Quality Classification for Gas–Water Identification

“…The overall tectonic pattern has evolved from a high in the south and a low in the north to a uniclinal structure with a high in the north and a low in the south; the early compressional environment has also evolved into a late ture is relatively complex, including three structural units: Yimeng Uplift, Yisha and Tianhuan Depression [10][11][12][13]. The overall tectonic pattern has evolved from the south and a low in the north to a uniclinal structure with a high in the north a in the south; the early compressional environment has also evolved into a late ext environment many times [14][15][16][17][18][19]. For different depositional periods, there are degrees of tectonic movement, leading to changes in the depositional system.…”