Domain or Turbostratic Structure of Clays

Aylmore, L. A. G.; Quirk, J. P.

doi:10.1038/1871046a0

Cited by 143 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…For both OFA and CFA blended cement stabilization, the highest Ca(OH) 2 (highest degree of hydration) is at w＝1.2OWC, associated with the highest strength. At w＝17z (OWC), even though its dry unit weight is the highest (total pore volume is lowest) (Fig.…”

Section: Thermal Gravity Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Role of Fly Ash on Strength and Microstructure Development in Blended Cement Stabilized Silty Clay

Horpibulsuk

Rachan

Raksachon

2009

Soils and Foundations

223

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Section: Thermal Gravity Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Microstructural investigation in clay has started since 1960 by Aylmore and Quirk (1960); Olsen (1962). They have revealed that the basic element of the microstructure of the natural clay is not the single platelet but domains constituted of various platelets aggregated together.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Fly Ash on Strength and Microstructure Development in Blended Cement Stabilized Silty Clay

Horpibulsuk

Rachan

Raksachon

2009

Soils and Foundations

223

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“…However, it seems probable that gels of other clays would show a similar behaviour, particularly in regions where there is preferred orientation of crystals, i.e., in the volumes which have been termed domains (Aylmore and Quirk, 1960).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Freezing on the Swelling of Clay Minerals

Norrish¹

1962

Clay Minerals

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It has been known for some time that when a gel of montmorillonite is freeze-dried the residual clay retains the volume and shape of the gel, and forms a skeleton of low density and some rigidity. Because there is no apparent change in the gel structure during freeze-drying, the dry residues have been studied in the past in an effort to determine the structure of the gels. However, X-ray diffraction measurements have shown that, as a result of freeze-drying, the distance between the elementary layers of Na-montmorillonite drops from high spacings (> 30/~) to zero. The present investigation demonstrates that the main reduction in interlayer spacing takes place on freezing, with a further small collapse on drying. Na-montmorillonite gels, swollen oriented aggregates of Na-montmorillonite and Na-nontronite, and swollen single crystals of Li-vermiculite and butylammonium-vermiculite, all behave in the above manner. INTRODUCTIONWeiss, Fahn and Hofmann (1952) reported that when a thixotropic gel of Na-montmoriUonite is frozen and the water then sublimated under vacuum (freeze-dried), the solid particles of clay remain as a rigid skeleton of a very low density (0.05 g/ml), occupying the same volume as the gel. This result was interpreted as direct evidence of the existence of rigid structures in clay gels, thus providing an explanation of the phenomena associated with thixotropy.Small angle X-ray diffraction measurements by Norrish (1954) showed that when Na-montmorillonite is allowed to swell in water or in dilute solutions of sodium chloride the elementary silicate layers move apart to distances greater than 30 A. If the interpreta-

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“…X-ray powder diffraction studies suggest that Camontmorillonite exhibits an energy minimum deep enough to restrict expansion beyond an interlayer spacing of -10/~ following initial platelet collapse (Keren and Sbainberg, 1975). The resulting structures, composed of oriented platelets which undergo limited interlayer expansion, have been variously described as packets, domains, turbostratic groups, tactoids, and quasicrystals (Aylmore and Quirk, 1960;Blackmore and Miller, 1961;O'Conner and Kemper, 1969). By hypothesizing the existence of quasicrystals composed of neatly stacked platelets which develop diffuse double layers on exterior surfaces only, Blackmore and Miller (1961) achieved more reasonable agreement between measured swelling pressures of Ca-montmoritionite and pressures calculated from double layer theory.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Swelling Components of Compacted Ca-Montmorillonite

Parker

Zelazny

Amos

1980

Clays and clay miner.

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Intracrystalline water adsorption of Ca-montmorillonite was calculated as the product of onehalf the interlayer spacing from X-ray powder diffraction analysis and the difference between the desorption surface area determined with ethylene glycol-monoethyl ether and BET surface area determined by N2 adsorption. Osmotic adsorption was calculated as the product of the N2 surface area and theoretical double layer thickness. Measured water adsorption of P2Os-dry clay, compacted to initial densities (3'o) from 0.52 to 1.59 g/cm 3 and submerged in 0.01 N CaCl2 was 2.4 to 4.2 times greater than intracrystalline plus osmotic adsorption due to the occurrence of pores exceeding double layer dimensions. The increase in expansion caused by reducing electrolyte concentration to 0.001 N was equal to the predicted increase in double layer volume, verifying the existence of an osmotic component to swelling.Measured expansion following submersion in 0.01 N CaC12 increased continuously with 3'o from 0.53 cm3/g at 3"0 = 0.52 g/cm 3 to 1.17 cma/g at 3'0 = 1.59 g/cm ~, while estimated osmotic plus intracrystalline expansion was constant at 0.30 cmVg. This discrepancy is attributed to swelling caused by gas pressures developing ahead of advancing wetting fronts. The effect of compaction on expansion is explained by reductions in pore size, as measured by N2 desorption, which accompany compaction. Reduced pore size should increase entrapped air pressures, whereas gradual wetting should favor their dissipation. Accordingly, slow wetting reduced the expansion of a sample where Y0 = 1.06 g/cm 3 from 0.77 to 0.37 cm3/g. Swelling due to entrapped air pressures produced a large increase in the number of pores > 104 A. in diameter, as determined by Hg intrusion porosimetry.

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Domain or Turbostratic Structure of Clays

Cited by 143 publications

References 9 publications

Role of Fly Ash on Strength and Microstructure Development in Blended Cement Stabilized Silty Clay

Role of Fly Ash on Strength and Microstructure Development in Blended Cement Stabilized Silty Clay

Effect of Freezing on the Swelling of Clay Minerals

Swelling Components of Compacted Ca-Montmorillonite

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