Domain structure and polarization reversal in ferroelectrics studied by atomic force microscopy

Gruverman, Alexei; Kolosov, Oleg; Hatano, Jun; Takahashi, Koichiro; Tokumoto, Hiroshi

doi:10.1116/1.587909

Cited by 83 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Herringbone domains appear only above a certain critical diameter, above which the domain size dependence gets modified: The stripes scale as the square root of the herringbone width, while the herringbone width scales as r 2=3 (where r is the grain radius), so that the stripe width ends up scaling as r 1=3 (Arlt, 1990). Randall and co-workers also studied in close detail the domain size dependence within ceramic grains (Cao and Randall, 1996;Randall et al, 1998) and concluded that the square root dependence is valid only within a certain range of grain sizes, with the scaling exponent being smaller than 1 2 for grains larger than 10 m, and bigger than 1 2 for grains smaller than 1 m. The same authors observed cooperative switching of domains across grain boundaries, as did Gruverman et al (1995aGruverman et al ( , 1995bGruverman et al ( , 1996, evidence that the elastic fields associated with ferroelastic twinning are not easily screened and can therefore couple across boundaries.…”

Section: Domains In Nonplanar Structuresmentioning

confidence: 77%

Domain wall nanoelectronics

et al. 2012

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Domains in ferroelectrics were considered to be well understood by the middle of the last century: They were generally rectilinear, and their walls were Ising-like. Their simplicity stood in stark contrast to the more complex Bloch walls or Néel walls in magnets. Only within the past decade and with the introduction of atomic-resolution studies via transmission electron microscopy, electron holography, and atomic force microscopy with polarization sensitivity has their real complexity been revealed. Additional phenomena appear in recent studies, especially of magnetoelectric materials, where functional properties inside domain walls are being directly measured. In this paper these studies are reviewed, focusing attention on ferroelectrics and multiferroics but making comparisons where possible with magnetic domains and domain walls. An important part of this review will concern device applications, with the spotlight on a new paradigm of ferroic devices where the domain walls, rather than the domains, are the active element. Here magnetic wall microelectronics is already in full swing, owing largely to the work of Cowburn and of Parkin and their colleagues. These devices exploit the high domain wall mobilities in magnets and their resulting high velocities, which can be supersonic, as shown by Kreines' and co-workers 30 years ago. By comparison, nanoelectronic devices employing ferroelectric domain walls often have slower domain wall speeds, but may exploit their smaller size as well as their different functional properties. These include domain wall conductivity (metallic or even superconducting in bulk insulating or semiconducting oxides) and the fact that domain walls can be ferromagnetic while the surrounding domains are not.

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Section: Domains In Nonplanar Structuresmentioning

confidence: 77%

Domain wall nanoelectronics

et al. 2012

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“…The piezoelectric property of the g-C 3 N 4 nanosheets is examined using PFM. For piezoelectric materials, an applied voltage will cause a measurable deflection of the cantilever 18 . The thickness of the fabricated nanosheets is in the order of only a couple nanometers, while the length and width can range from 500 nm to a few mm.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anomalous piezoelectricity in two-dimensional graphene nitride nanosheets

et al. 2014

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Piezoelectricity is a unique property of materials that permits the conversion of mechanical stimuli into electrical and vice versa. On the basis of crystal symmetry considerations, pristine carbon nitride (C 3 N 4 ) in its various forms is non-piezoelectric. Here we find clear evidence via piezoresponse force microscopy and quantum mechanical calculations that both atomically thin and layered graphitic carbon nitride, or graphene nitride, nanosheets exhibit anomalous piezoelectricity. Insights from ab inito calculations indicate that the emergence of piezoelectricity in this material is due to the fact that a stable phase of graphene nitride nanosheet is riddled with regularly spaced triangular holes. These non-centrosymmetric pores, and the universal presence of flexoelectricity in all dielectrics, lead to the manifestation of the apparent and experimentally verified piezoelectric response. Quantitatively, an e 11 piezoelectric coefficient of 0.758 C m À 2 is predicted for C 3 N 4 superlattice, significantly larger than that of the commonly compared a-quartz.

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“…[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] However, it has often been a matter of debate to what extent the magnitude of PFM signals can be reproduced and quantified experimentally. Some researchers express doubts whether the magnitude of PFM signals of two different experiments can be reasonably reproduced and refer to PFM measurements taken on periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) on different days which are shown in Fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Choice of tip, signal stability, and practical aspects of piezoresponse-force-microscopy

Henrichs

Bennett

Bell

2015

Review of Scientific Instruments

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Piezoresponse force-microscopy (PFM) has become the standard tool to investigate ferroelectrics on the micro-and nanoscale. However, reliability of PFM signals is often problematic and their quantification is challenging and thus not widely applied. Here, we present a study of the reproducibility of PFM signals and of the so-called PFM background signal which has been reported in the literature. We find that PFM signals are generally reproducible to certain extents. The PFM signal difference between 180• domains on periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) is taken as the reference signal in a large number of measurements, carried out in a low frequency regime (30-70 kHz). We show that in comparison to Pt coated tips, diamond coated tips exhibit improved signal stability, lower background signal, and less imaging artifacts related to PFM which is reflected in the spread of measurements. This is attributed to the improved mechanical stability of the conductive layer. The average deviation of the mean PFM signal is 38.3%, for a diamond coated tip. Although this deviation is relatively high, it is far better than values from the literature which showed a deviation of approx. 73.1%. Additionally, we find that the average deviation of the background signal from 0 is 11.6% of the PPLN domain contrast. Thus, the background signal needs to be taken into account when quantifying PFM signals and should be subtracted from PFM signals. Those results are important for quantification of PFM signals, since PPLN might be used for this purpose when PFM signals measured on PPLN are related to its macroscopic d 33 coefficient. Finally, the crucial influence of sample polishing on PFM signals is shown and we recommend to use a multistep polishing route with a final step involving 200 nm sized colloidal silica particles. C 2015 AIP Publishing LLC. [http://dx

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Domain structure and polarization reversal in ferroelectrics studied by atomic force microscopy

Cited by 83 publications

References 10 publications

Domain wall nanoelectronics

Domain wall nanoelectronics

Anomalous piezoelectricity in two-dimensional graphene nitride nanosheets

Choice of tip, signal stability, and practical aspects of piezoresponse-force-microscopy

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