This paper establishes that the Nahm transform sending spatially periodic instantons (instantons on the product of the real line and a three-torus) to singular monopoles on the dual three-torus is indeed a bijection as suggested by the heuristic. In the process, we show how the Nahm transform intertwines to a Fourier-Mukai transform via Kobayashi-Hitchin correspondences. We also prove existence and nonexistence results.0 The authors can be reached respectively at [• E is a semi-stable holomorphic rank n vector bundle of degree 0 overThe vertical correspondences are the Kobayashi-Hitchin correspondences, which associate to anti-self dual connections some holomorphic data that classify them,• The horizontal correspondences are Fourier-type transforms, the top one using the Dirac equation, and the bottom holomorphic data.The sections, in what follows, in essence explore the various pieces of the diagram (1) in turn. Section 2 begins with the left hand side with its vertical arrow, recalling the results of [17]. Section 3 considers the right hand side, examining the Kobayashi-Hitchin correspondence for this case. Section 4 treats the bottom row, and discusses the Fourier-Mukai transforms. Section 5 considers the top row, recalls results of Charbonneau [15] on the Nahm transform in this case, shows that the diagram commutes, and sums up the equivalences. Section 6 derives a few consequences on moduli, and discusses a few remaining questions.