Domestic rainwater harvesting to improve water supply in rural South Africa

Kahinda, Jean‐Marc Mwenge; Taigbenu, Akpofure E.; Boroto, Jean R.

doi:10.1016/j.pce.2007.07.007

Cited by 190 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…So, the first rains should not enter the tank. Therefore, a first flash amount represented by η is subtracted for the recorded rainfall and a value of 1.0 mm was considered [10]. The amount of water entering the tank at time step t is given by:…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantifying Rooftop Rainwater Harvest Potential: Case of Mbeya University of Science and Technology in Mbeya Tanzania

Zacharia¹

2013

ENG

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The advantages that the rooftop rainwater harvesting system has as a source of water supply have been examined. The observed daily rainfall records of 10 years and the current total roof area of the facilities at Mbeya University of Science and Technology as the catchment area were used. Using a water balance model to determine the suitable water use that will cover 100% of the time, the model indicated that for the current roof area a water supply of 120 lts per day can be met when a storage tank whose capacity is 13.5 m 3 is installed. When values higher than 120 l/day are simulated, a tank of higher capacity is required to meet the water demand. The study recommends on the necessity of installing rooftop rainwater harvesting system so as to increase the water supply reliability and reduction of cost. The selection of a suitable storage tank capacity should take into consideration the future development plans so as to reduce the construction cost of new storage tank.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantifying Rooftop Rainwater Harvest Potential: Case of Mbeya University of Science and Technology in Mbeya Tanzania

Zacharia¹

2013

ENG

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“…DRWHS technology, which provides water directly to households and enables a number of small-scale productive activities, has the potential to supply water in rural and peri-urban areas where conventional technologies are not feasible [1]. The DRWHS technique is a local intervention with primarily local benefits on ecosystems and human livelihoods, though catchment scale benefits have been modeled for urban systems [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing Marginalized Communities in Mexico for Implementation of Rainwater Catchment Systems

Sámano-Romero

Mautner

Chávez-Mejía

et al. 2016

Water

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Mexico contains a high percentage of marginalized communities, as well as geographic areas with high annual precipitation (approximately 2000 mm). This study uses regional water access and precipitation data to determine municipalities that would most benefit from the installation of Domestic Rain Water Harvesting Systems (DRWHS). The main objective was to find a relationship between local conditions (marginalization, expected level of service, and precipitation) and the physical components of DRWHS. First, monthly precipitation and the number of inhabitants per household were determined for each municipality. Catchment area and tank size were then calculated for a single dwelling by municipality using water demand, run-off coefficient, monthly precipitation, and number of inhabitants per household. In general, municipalities with very low access to municipal water and very high precipitation were found in the southern area of the country. A curve that estimates catchment area based on annual precipitation was developed using the selected municipalities, which produced an average catchment area of 113.3 m 2 for a water demand of 100 L/capita/day. While any DRWHS must be designed specific to local conditions, this study has determined that a regional approximation can be used to select ideal communities for these systems, which can in turn facilitate national implementation.

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“…South Africa has a mix of developed and developing regions with at least 9.7 million (20%) of the people not having access to adequate water supply (Kahinda et al 2007). RHRW appears to be one of the most promising alternatives for supplying freshwater in the face of increasing water scarcity and escalating demand (Sazakli et al 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Rainwater harvesting (RHRH) can provide water directly to households including those in rural and peri-urban areas where conventional technologies cannot supply. In order to improve water access, the South African government has committed itself to provide RHRW tanks to poor households, who in most instances use it without prior treatment as it is assumed to be safe ( (Kahinda et al 2007). Although rainwater is generally considered clean, the potential of public health risk associated with the presence of pathogenic microorganisms cannot be ignored (Ahmed et al 2011a; Ahmed et al 2011b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli isolates from roof-harvested rainwater tanks and urban pigeon faeces as the likely source of contamination

Chidamba

Korsten

2015

Environ Monit Assess

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The objective of this study was to investigate the risks associated with the use of roof harvested rainwater RHRW and the implication of pigeons as the most likely source of contamination by testing for antibiotic resistance profiles of E. coli. A total of 239 Escherichia coli were isolated from thirty fresh pigeon faecal samples (130 isolates), 11 RHRW tanks from three sites in Pretoria (78) and two in Johannesburg (31). In all samples, resistance to ampicillin (22.7.9%), gentamicin (23.6%), amikacin (24%), tetracycline (17.4) and amoxicillin (16.9%) were the most frequently encountered form of resistance. However, a relatively higher proportion of isolates from pigeon faeces were antibiotic resistant than those from RHRW. The highest number of phenotypes was observed for single antibiotics and no single antibiotic resistance was observed for chloramphenicol, ceftriaxone, gentamicin, cefoxitin, cotrimoxazole, although they were detected in multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) phenotypes. The highest multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) phenotypes were observed for a combination of four antibiotics, on isolates from JHB (18.8%), pigeon faeces (15.2%) and Pretoria (5.1%). The most abundant resistance phenotype to four antibiotics, Ak-Gm-Cip-T was dominated by isolates from pigeon faeces (6.8%) with Pretoria and Johannesburg isolates having low proportions of 1.3% and 3.1%, respectively. Future studies should target isolates from various environmental settings in which rainwater harvesting is practiced and the characterisation of the antibiotic resistance determinant genes among the isolates.

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Domestic rainwater harvesting to improve water supply in rural South Africa

Cited by 190 publications

References 8 publications

Quantifying Rooftop Rainwater Harvest Potential: Case of Mbeya University of Science and Technology in Mbeya Tanzania

Quantifying Rooftop Rainwater Harvest Potential: Case of Mbeya University of Science and Technology in Mbeya Tanzania

Assessing Marginalized Communities in Mexico for Implementation of Rainwater Catchment Systems

Antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli isolates from roof-harvested rainwater tanks and urban pigeon faeces as the likely source of contamination

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