Domestic wastewater treatment by constructed wetland and microalgal treatment system for the production of value-added products

Constructed Wetland for Sustainable and Low-Cost Wastewater Treatment: Review Article

“…Constructed wetlands (CWs) are fast-growing wastewater treatment technologies designed and constructed to simulate actual physical, chemical and biological processes occurring in natural wetlands [4]. They are manmade wetlands designed to operate and mimic natural wetlands using vegetation, soil and microorganisms, and they may appear as Land 2022, 11, 1388 2 of 17 a more ecologically endowed system for wastewater treatment as either a new or restored habitat for native and migratory wildlife [5,6]. The proven advantages in utilizing the CWs for wastewater treatment as green and sustainable technology was discussed by many researchers and resulted in tremendous increases in both research and applications as a result of the simultaneous rise in the environmental sensitivity [3,7,8].…”

“…Whereas water flows through the wetland, the contaminants treatment takes place through either physical (sedimentation, filtration, UV exposure), chemical (precipitation, adsorption, volatilization) and/or biological (microbial degradation, microbial nutrient transformations, uptake from water column and root zone, microbial competition and bacterial die-off) processes. CWs are recognized to be effective in treating dissolved organics and suspended solids as well as many other contaminants reported by many researchers [5,11,12]. The recent research has shifted towards examining the applications of constructed wetland technology to treat a wider array of pollutants including metal, dye, organics containing wastewater and heavy metals including iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) [6,13].…”

Potential of Canna indica in Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment: A Review

“…They consist of plant species, substrates and microorganisms [1]. They work by mimicking natural wetlands processes in a somewhat more controlled environment [2]. Water and wastewater treatment in CW is enabled via a variety of physical, chemical, and biological processes [3,4].…”

“…This is the site of physicochemical and biological processes resulting from the interaction of plants, microbes, soil, and contaminants [5]. Hydraulic loading rates, water retention time, water depth, CW design and construction, and feeding mode are all important operational factors that influence CW treatment performance [2]. CWs are getting more and more popular as a treatment option for a variety of wastewaters, including industrial, agricultural, and household wastewaters, landfill leachate, and stormwater runoff [1,[6][7][8].…”

“…Because different plants perform differently, plant species selection and clarifying their crucial role in the treatment process are critical concerns in the design of CWs [14]. Plants that grow naturally in the region where CWs are being established are usually preferred [2]. The selection of a suitable permeable substrate in proportion to the hydraulic and organic loads is the most critical design parameter for CW.…”